The word 'employment' in s 25(1)(b) of the Workers Compensation Act 1988 (Tas) bears the same meaning in both limbs and extends beyond prescribed duties to all that is incidental or ancillary to the employment, including interpersonal relationships with co-workers and supervisors. The word 'substantial' is used in a relative sense and does not require employment to be 'the' substantial cause; it does not exclude predisposition or susceptibility. Where the only identified cause of a stress-related disease is the worker's work situation, the employment necessarily contributes to a substantial degree.
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