Article 8 of the Warsaw Convention specifies substantive content requirements for air waybills but does not mandate particular form or wording; substantial compliance suffices. A freight forwarder that contracts as principal to effect international air carriage is a 'carrier' and may be a 'first carrier' under the Convention. Air waybills may incorporate by reference the details of other air waybills to satisfy Article 8 requirements. Australian courts should give particular attention and appropriate deference to foreign court decisions interpreting international conventions where the relevant document was issued in that country.
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