Statutes - Acts of Parliament - Operation and effect of statutes - Retrospective operation - Particular classes of statute - Penal - Generally - Retrospective application of penal statutes.
R v Griffiths [1891] 2 QB 145; Waddington v Miah (1974) WLR 683; [name withheld] v R (1989 - [1990] HCA 19; 1990) 169 CLR 515, considered.
Richardson v R [1978] Tas SR 178, R v Cuerrier (1998) 127 CCC 1, referred to.