A trial judge's charge to the jury must relate the law to the facts in issue and summarise the contentions of both sides, especially those of the accused. Bare statements of legal principles, not connected to the competing factual cases, are inadequate. Where self-defence is raised, the judge must direct on the onus on the Crown to negative it, relate that direction to the competing versions of events, and direct on proportionality of response. Cumulative deficiencies in a charge may render reformation impossible, excusing failure to take exception at trial.
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