An identification parade is not rendered unfair merely because participants include persons of different Asian nationalities, provided they are of similar general appearance. For DNA statistical evidence, Chinese databases may be used where the offender is described as 'Asian', provided the expert demonstrates statistical similarity across relevant population databases. The FST factor and 95% confidence limit are alternative, not cumulative, approaches to ensuring conservative DNA statistical estimates. A trial judge's evidentiary ruling cannot be impugned on appeal by reference to evidence given by the same expert at a subsequent trial.
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