The principles from Ghantous v Hawkesbury City Council apply equally to pedestrian crossings as to footpaths — there is no basis for distinguishing between them for duty of care purposes. Undulations of approximately one and a half inches in a road surface that are obvious and not concealed do not constitute an unreasonable hazard giving rise to a duty of care on the part of a road authority. The Shirt calculus requires consideration of the magnitude of the risk and the probability of its occurrence, not merely the cost of remediation.
The full text is available to signed-in members, including the 12 later cases that cite this judgment.