Ad hoc expertise in voice identification, acquired through repeated listening to recordings, is admissible under s 79 of the Evidence Act 1995, and alleged weaknesses including risk of bias, cross-lingual comparison difficulties, and absence of scientific methodology go to weight rather than admissibility. Voice identification evidence is not 'visual identification evidence' within s 114(1) and its admission turns on judicial discretion under the general provisions. For sentencing of principals directing commercial heroin importation enterprises, a starting point of not less than 30 years is appropriate.
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