The Crown may adduce evidence of an accused's refusal to participate in an identification parade without waiting for the accused to raise the issue, provided appropriate directions are given. Evidence of the compilation process for a video identification parade is relevant and admissible to enable the jury to assess the quality of the identification. Video tapes of identification procedures are records of events, not testimony in chief, and may be provided to the jury during deliberations without the restrictions applicable to VATE tapes. An indefinite sentence under ss 18A-18B of the Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic) must be confined to very exceptional cases, and the offender's prior criminal history — including the length of prior incarceration and graduation of sentencing — is a material consideration in determining whether the case is sufficiently exceptional.
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