The single test for withdrawal of a guilty plea is whether a miscarriage of justice would result if the plea stood. The 'twofold test' (integrity of plea plus arguable defence) is a convenient formulation for cases where the plea's integrity is not directly compromised but there are unsatisfactory features. Where an experienced litigant pleads guilty with competent legal advice, emotional distress alone will not suffice to undermine the plea's integrity, and if there is no fairly arguable defence, leave to withdraw should be refused.
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