For the continuing offence of detention for advantage under s 86 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), it is sufficient for aiding and abetting liability that the accused is present during some part of the detention and, knowing of that detention, provides assistance — presence for the entire duration is not required. A sequence of confrontations with a victim (initial stopping, pursuit, second stopping) may constitute a single robbery rather than separate offences. Sentencing judges must ensure that starting points for co-offenders reflect significant differences in their roles, the seriousness of the charges they face, and their subjective circumstances; using approximately the same starting point for a largely passive accessory and the principal offender who led at every stage constitutes parity error.
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