Fines for unlawful demolition of heritage items under the EPA Act typically fall in the range of 1-10% of the maximum penalty ($1.1 million), with most in the 2-7% range. Payment of prosecutor's costs, while an aspect of punishment, does not of itself justify reducing a fine below the general sentencing pattern where costs orders are routinely made. The totality principle applies where multiple demolition offences relate to works in the same complex linked conceptually and in time.
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