The question whether proceedings are vexatious is objective — it concerns whether the proceedings are vexatious, not whether they were instituted vexatiously. An improper purpose is not necessary. Judicial statements that proceedings are vexatious or an abuse of process provide evidence of vexatiousness but do not automatically establish it; the court must reach its own conclusion. 'Frequently' is a relative term to be assessed in the context of litigation.
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3 of the 9 citing cases carry a classified treatment. How each court treated it is available to signed-in members.