The word 'comprises' in s 6(2) of the Native Vegetation Act 2003 (NSW) means 'includes', so that vegetation containing indigenous species is 'native vegetation' even if non-indigenous species are also present. 'Native vegetation' does not include dead plant matter. A landholder 'causes' clearing within s 44 where instructions to a contractor lead by all physical necessity to the clearing of native vegetation, even without specific knowledge that native vegetation would be cleared; this is a lower threshold than 'permitting', which requires intentional allowance with knowledge.
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