Portions of jury directions must be viewed in the context of the directions as a whole; imperfect references to choosing between versions of events do not vitiate otherwise unexceptionable directions on onus and standard of proof. An unexplained failure by trial counsel to object to a direction is a reasonably reliable indicator of the fairness and adequacy of the summing up. A factual error in a summing up that is insignificant and, if anything, favours the accused will not constitute a substantial miscarriage of justice.
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