PIC 4020 is directed to information that is 'purposely untrue' (involving fraud or deception), not to innocent mistakes or merely incorrect information. However, it is not necessary to prove that the visa applicant personally knew the information was false — the applicant bears ultimate responsibility for the veracity of material submitted with the visa application. The construction in Vyas v MIAC that PIC 4020 applies to any false information 'whether or not the document is provided by the applicant knowingly or unwittingly' is too broad insofar as it extends to innocent errors, but correct insofar as it holds that the applicant's personal knowledge is not required.
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