The case confirms that where the prosecution cannot identify which of several co-offenders was the actual killer, the party provisions of the Criminal Code (ss 7(1)(b), 7(1)(c), and 8) can sustain convictions on circumstantial evidence including DNA, phone records, motive, and lies to police. The absence of a mutual 'cut-throat' defence does not materially distinguish a case from the general principles favouring joint trials. Non-parole periods of 25 years (above the then-statutory minimum of 20 years) were upheld for sequential murders involving extreme violence.
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