A sentencing judge who makes only a cursory reference to a 'difficult upbringing' when the evidence discloses profound childhood deprivation — including physical and sexual abuse, neglect, homelessness, and drug exposure — fails to give 'full weight' to the offender's deprived background as required by Bugmy v The Queen. The imposition of identical sentences on co-offenders of significantly different ages and circumstances, without proper explanation, may constitute a failure to achieve individualised justice. The standard non-parole period remains a guidepost, and indicative non-parole periods must reflect both a finding of below mid-range gravity and any discount for a guilty plea.
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