In joint criminal enterprise cases, trial judges must explain to the jury the steps for relating the concept to the substantive offence and apply those directions to the evidence, rather than merely summarising the cases for prosecution and defence. Directions on the defence of lawful restraint under s 15A of the CLCA must address the defendant's genuine belief as to necessity and reasonableness, and the assessment of proportionality by reference to circumstances as the defendant genuinely believed them to be. The manner of directing on majority verdicts remains within the trial judge's discretion under the Juries Act 1927 (SA).
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