A trial judge may incorporate previous directions of law into the charge by providing the jury with a written folder of those directions, indicating they stand with full force, rather than orally restating each direction. The judge is not required to instruct the jury that they must read the folder's contents. Where a jury's verdict on joint criminal enterprise necessarily entails a finding of agreement between co-accused, the absence of an express direction on that element does not give rise to a substantial miscarriage of justice.
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