Proprietary estoppel may be established where a parent promises to gift farming land to a child by will, the child relies on that promise by farming and improving the land over many years, and the parent subsequently resiles from the promise. A constructive trust is an appropriate remedy to satisfy the equity arising. Annual payments characterised as retirement income for parents cannot be recharacterised as rent to support a counterclaim for increased payments. On costs, the rejection of a Calderbank offer is not unreasonable where the case turned substantially on credibility assessments and material amendments were made to the claim after the offer was rejected.
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