Where negligence consists of an omission to provide information, the plaintiff must establish that the information, considered together with all other information that would have been available, would more probably than not have led to steps that prevented or minimised the injury. In a prison context, a report of prisoner agitation that is contradicted by contemporaneous evidence and subsequent calm behaviour over two days does not establish a breach of duty requiring special precautions. Even where breach is found, the plaintiff must prove that the specific precautions that would have been taken would have averted the harm, not merely that a different sequence of events might have occurred.
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