Significantly higher proportionate penalties on a union compared to its individual officials are justified in civil penalty proceedings by the union's organisational responsibility, size, resources, failure to take corrective action, and history of prior contraventions, without offending the parity principle.
The full text is available to signed-in members, including the 9 later cases that cite this judgment.
1 of the 9 citing cases carry a classified treatment. How each court treated it is available to signed-in members.