A trial judge who provides a written question trail to the jury must also give oral directions reading and explaining the document, relating the evidence to each count, identifying which elements are in dispute, and summarising the cases for each party. Identical question trails for multiple counts of the same offence without any indication of which evidence relates to which count will render the summing up inadequate. Convictions entered consequent upon legally flawed jury verdicts, including guilty pleas and s 166 certificate matters dealt with as part of an aggregate sentence, will also be quashed.
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