The Bugmy v The Queen principles regarding reduced moral culpability due to deprived background do not apply where an offender's childhood involved witnessing a father's pub fights and alcohol abuse but was otherwise characterised by close family relationships and an absence of neglect, domestic violence, or criminal exposure. A sentencing judge is not required to address Bugmy principles where they were not raised at sentencing and the evidence does not require their consideration. In parity cases, the role of aggressor and implementer of violence may justify a significantly higher sentence than that imposed on the instigator of a joint criminal enterprise, particularly where the offenders differ in criminal history, breach of conditional liberty, and prospects of rehabilitation.
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