A judge's scepticism of a self-represented litigant's arguments does not give rise to apprehended bias where the scepticism reflects knowledge of the law and the comments are tentative. Pseudolegal arguments including 'acceptance for value', 'strawman' corporate entity theories, and birth certificate bond theories have no basis in Australian law and are properly disposed of on summary judgment. Proposed amendments to pleadings that make serious allegations against judicial officers without evidential foundation are scandalous and will be refused.
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