Section 7(a) of the Criminal Code (WA) applies to joint principal criminal responsibility where several persons act in concert, each doing acts which in aggregate constitute the offence, even where the prosecution cannot identify which particular act caused the grievous bodily harm. One co-accused may be convicted as a joint principal without the other also being convicted, because s 7 attributes the doing of acts, not the criminal responsibility of the actor. The concept of 'acting in concert' for s 7(a) purposes connotes acting in combination, collaborating, or joining forces, and may be proved by inference from the circumstances; it does not require proof of a pre-conceived plan or agreement.
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