A sentencing judge is not required to make an explicit finding under Bugmy principles that an offender's deprived background reduced moral culpability, provided the sentencing remarks, read fairly and as a whole, demonstrate that the judge understood the significance of the background and its connection to the offending through mental health and addiction. The Bugmy principles apply to non-Aboriginal offenders with deprived backgrounds including refugee experiences. There is no magic in the word 'profound' when describing the level of deprivation required to engage the principle.
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