The objective test for identifying contracting parties from Air Tahiti Nui applies equally to contracts implied from conduct where no written documents exist, and an individual who instructs a service provider and is the beneficiary of services may be found to be personally a party to the contract even where corporate entities also received services.
The full text is available to signed-in members, including the 2 later cases that cite this judgment.
1 of the 2 citing cases carry a classified treatment. How each court treated it is available to signed-in members.