The norm for Commonwealth offences is that the non-parole period should be 60-66⅔% of the head sentence, not the approximately 75% ratio applicable under state formulae. The more serious the offence in objective and subjective features, the higher the non-parole period should be within or above that range. When sentencing a principal or syndicate head for drug importation, the Wong and Leung guideline ranges for couriers must be adjusted upward to reflect the offender's higher position in the organisational hierarchy.
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