Section 82(2) of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) requires that a contract or promise constitute an essential element of the cause of action for a demand for unliquidated damages to arise 'by reason of' a contract or promise; a statutory claim for misleading and deceptive conduct inducing entry into a contract arises by reason of the making of the misrepresentations, not by reason of the contract itself, and is therefore not a provable debt. The 'blockage' discount recognised in revenue valuation cases applies equally in damages cases where a large parcel of securities must be valued in an illiquid market.
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