A trial judge giving a Longman direction must ensure that subsequent remarks about the difficulty of recollection after many years do not dilute the warning, though contextual observations about the passage of time do not necessarily constitute impermissible dilution when the summing up as a whole adequately conveys the need for careful scrutiny. A Crofts direction need not strictly state that delay is a 'considerable factor in reducing credibility' if the jury is informed in general terms that delay is relevant to overall credibility. Where a complainant denies having undergone hypnosis or recovered repressed memories, the issue is only before the jury in an ancillary manner and a direction on false memory implantation is not required.
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