Retrospective amendments to criminal offence provisions do not apply to criminal proceedings already commenced, absent express words or necessary intention to that effect; the clear statement principle operates with particular force in the criminal context. For terrorism preparatory offences under ss 101.4-101.6 of the Criminal Code, the Crown need not specify a particular terrorist act, but must plead all elements of the definition of 'terrorist act' in s 100.1, including the intention elements in paragraphs (b) and (c) and the exclusion in paragraph (a) relating to subsection (3).
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