A voluntary recipient of funds who gives no consideration holds those funds on trust for the provider even without knowledge of the receipt, and the funds can be traced into property acquired with them, giving rise to an equitable charge. Where a person acquires an equitable interest in land by proprietary estoppel, a third party can acquire a subsidiary equitable interest in that equitable estate by a further estoppel, enforceable directly against the legal owner. The Supreme Court of NSW retains cross-vested jurisdiction in matrimonial causes under the Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act 1987 (Cth), s 4(1), notwithstanding Re Wakim.
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