The word 'warning' is not an essential requirement of a Longman direction; the phrase 'I caution you that it may be wrong for you to convict' is capable of satisfying the Longman requirements provided the substance of the direction conveys the necessary warning. The particular words 'dangerous to convict' are also not essential. For the purposes of the transitional provisions in the Criminal Procedure Amendment (Sexual and Other Offences) Act 2006 (NSW), 'proceedings' commence when the accused is arrested and charged, not when the trial commences.
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