A sentencing judge is not disentitled from making findings beyond reasonable doubt for sentencing purposes about matters that were not elements of the offence and were not required to be proved at trial. There is no norm for the ratio between head sentence and non-parole period for federal offenders, and the non-parole period must be fixed having regard to all the circumstances under ss 16A(1) and (2) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth). A difference in sentence between co-offenders is justified where the sentencing judge makes different findings of fact about each offender's role, knowledge, and motivation.
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