A final indemnity costs order serves a dual function: it entitles the successful party to costs not otherwise covered by interlocutory orders, and it provides that all costs recoverable from the liable party (including under earlier orders) are assessed on the indemnity basis. The Catto exception — permitting recovery of costs actually paid to a solicitor even where the solicitor could not enforce the claim — does not apply where payment was made after the date of the costs order, and should be limited to payments made not merely bona fide but also reasonably. Where a detailed itemised bill has been scrutinised and no unreasonableness identified, no general discount on a gross sum costs order is warranted on an indemnity assessment.
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