When assessing cumulative apprehended bias complaints, only matters individually capable of evidencing bias can contribute to the cumulative assessment — groundless complaints add nothing. On interlocutory appeal from a refusal to recuse, the decision may be upheld even if faults are detected in the judge's reasons, provided the decision itself is correct. The fair-minded lay observer does not have regard to the conduct of antecedent judicial officers when assessing whether a particular judge exhibits apprehended bias.
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