Robust judicial questioning of a self-represented litigant's submissions, including pressing for focused answers and insisting on oral submissions in interlocutory hearings, does not constitute apprehended bias or denial of procedural fairness. A litigant's gender, disability, or non-English speaking background does not, without more, entitle them to special procedural accommodations or support a claim of apprehended bias.
The full text is available to signed-in members, including the 9 later cases that cite this judgment.
4 of the 9 citing cases carry a classified treatment. How each court treated it is available to signed-in members.