Where a defence case is conducted on the basis that the alleged events did not occur, the trial judge is not required to direct on an alternative defence (such as involuntary act under s 23 Criminal Code (Qld)) that was not raised at trial, particularly where such a direction might have weakened the primary defence. The jury's advantage in seeing and hearing witnesses in sexual assault cases involving uncorroborated complainant evidence remains a critical factor in appellate review.
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