A general practitioner with extensive practical experience in a medical specialty (here, gynaecology including forensic examination of child sexual abuse victims) may be qualified to give expert opinion evidence in that field without holding specialist qualifications. No miscarriage of justice arises from trial counsel's failure to object to admissible evidence. A factual error in a trial judge's directions that is not central to any issue the jury must resolve and that tends to favour the appellant does not give rise to a miscarriage of justice when the direction viewed as a whole is fair.
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