Mere presence at the scene of a sexual offence, combined with driving the parties to and from the location, is insufficient to establish party liability under s 7(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Qld) where there is no evidence of the alleged aider's knowledge that the offending would occur, no evidence of intentional encouragement, and no evidence as to the nature of conversations between the alleged aider and the principal offenders. The Crown must prove more than the absence of dissent — it must positively prove encouragement or assistance. The case also confirms that a Domican identification direction need not be repeated in full for each co-accused where the trial judge reminds the jury of the earlier direction and thoroughly addresses the specific identification weaknesses for each accused.
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