Encroachment of Buildings Act 1922

This Act may be cited as the Encroachment of Buildings Act 1922.

In this Act, unless the context or subject-matter otherwise indicates or requires:

Adjacent owner means the owner of land over which an encroachment extends.

Boundary means the boundary line between contiguous parcels of land.

Building means a substantial building of a permanent character and includes a wall.

Court means the Land and Environment Court.

Encroaching owner means the owner of land contiguous to the boundary beyond which an encroachment extends.

Encroachment means encroachment by a building, and includes encroachment by overhang of any part as well as encroachment by intrusion of any part in or upon the soil.

Owner means any person entitled to an estate of freehold in possession:

whether in fee simple or for life or otherwise,

whether at law or in equity,

whether absolutely or by way of mortgage,

and includes a mortgagee under a registered mortgage of a freehold estate in possession in land under the Real Property Act 1900.

Subject land means that part of the land over which an encroachment extends.

Either an adjacent owner or an encroaching owner may apply to the Court for relief under this Act in respect of any encroachment.

On the application the Court may make such orders as it may deem just with respect to:

the payment of compensation to the adjacent owner,

the conveyance transfer or lease of the subject land to the encroaching owner, or the grant to the encroaching owner of any estate or interest therein or any easement right or privilege in relation thereto,

the removal of the encroachment.

The Court may grant or refuse the relief or any part thereof as it deems proper in the circumstances of the case, and in the exercise of this discretion may consider amongst other matters:

the fact that the application is made by the adjacent owner or by the encroaching owner, as the case may be,

the situation and value of the subject land, and the nature and extent of the encroachment,

the character of the encroaching building, and the purposes for which it may be used,

the loss and damage which has been or will be incurred by the adjacent owner,

the loss and damage which would be incurred by the encroaching owner if the encroaching owner were required to remove the encroachment,

the circumstances in which the encroachment was made.

The Court may refer any question involved in proceedings on the application to:

any registered land surveyor (within the meaning of the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002), or

any valuer.

This section applies to encroachments made either before or after the commencement of this Act.

The minimum compensation to be paid to the adjacent owner in respect of any conveyance, transfer, lease, or grant to the encroaching owner shall, if the encroaching owner satisfies the Court that the encroachment was not intentional and did not arise from negligence, be the land value of the subject land, and in any other case three times such land value.

In determining whether the compensation shall exceed the minimum, and if so by what amount, the Court shall have regard to:

the value, whether improved or unimproved, of the subject land to the adjacent owner,

the loss and damage which has been or will be incurred by the adjacent owner through the encroachment and through the orders proposed to be made in favour of the encroaching owner,

the circumstances in which the encroachment was made.

The order for payment of compensation shall except so far as the Court may therein otherwise direct, upon registration operate as a charge upon the land of the encroaching owner in priority to any charge created by the encroaching owner or by his or her predecessor in title.

In this section the land of the encroaching owner means the parcel of land contiguous to the boundary beyond which the encroachment extends, or such part thereof as the Court may specify in the order.

Wherever the Court sees fit, and in particular where the encroaching owner is not an owner beneficially entitled to the fee simple free from encumbrances, the Court may determine:

by whom and in what proportions the compensation is to be paid in the first instance, and is to be borne ultimately,

to whom, for whose benefit and upon what limitations the conveyance transfer or lease of the subject land or grant in respect thereof is to be made.

Wherever the Court sees fit, and in particular where the adjacent owner is not an owner beneficially entitled to the fee simple free from encumbrances, the Court may determine:

to whom, for whose benefit and in what proportions the compensation is to be paid or applied, and

by whom the conveyance transfer or lease of the subject land or grant in respect thereof is to be made.

Wherever the Court may make or has made an order under this Act with respect to the subject land, the Court may make such vesting order as it may deem proper in lieu thereof or in addition thereto, or in default of compliance therewith.

If any question arises as to whether an existing building encroaches or a proposed building will encroach beyond the boundary, either of the owners of the contiguous parcels of land may apply for a determination of the position of the boundary:

to the Registrar-General under Part 14A (Boundary determinations) of the Real Property Act 1900 (but only if the application could be made under that Part apart from this section), or

if the application cannot be made under that Part or the Registrar-General refuses to make that determination—to the Court.

On an application to the Court the Court may make such orders as it may deem proper for determining, marking, and recording the true boundary.

The Court may refer to any registered land surveyor (within the meaning of the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002) any question involved in proceedings on the application.

This section applies to buildings erected either before or after the commencement of this Act.

In any proceedings before the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court may:

if it sees fit, exercise any of the powers conferred on the Land and Environment Court by this Act and may stay the proceedings on such terms as it thinks proper, or

if of the opinion that the matter could more conveniently be dealt with by an application under this Act, stay the proceedings on such terms as it thinks proper.

Until otherwise prescribed by rules of Court, any application under this Act may be made by summons.

In any application under this Act the Court may require:

that notice of the application shall be given to any person interested,

that any person interested shall be made a party to the application.