Where a witness knows the accused well, the evidence is properly characterised as recognition rather than identification, and a full identification direction (Davies, Kelleher, Alexander, Domican) is not required; the appropriate direction addresses the specific circumstances affecting the reliability of the recognition. The prosecution has no obligation to tender an accused's exculpatory out-of-court statements, including video records of interview containing mere denials of guilt, as such statements are inadmissible under the rules against self-corroboration and hearsay.
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