The Hatzimanolis test for 'course of employment' requires a mandatory first step of characterising the overall period or periods of work before examining the circumstances of the injury. Failure to undertake this characterisation exercise constitutes an error of law. 'Benefit to the employer' is not a requisite element of the course of employment test but merely part of the factual matrix. For employees working away from home (such as airline crew on layovers), the entire period away may constitute one overall period or episode of work, which would make injuries during intervals more readily characterised as occurring in the course of employment.
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