When sentencing an offender already serving an interstate sentence with a non-parole period ratio that significantly exceeds the NSW statutory ratio, a sentencing judge must provide reasons for any further accumulation of the non-parole period and must expressly consider the offender's demonstrated rehabilitative progress during the earlier sentence. The principle from R v Todd — that lengthy postponement between offence and sentence requires weight to be given to rehabilitative progress — applies with particular force where the offender has served a decade of imprisonment and the statutory ratio is already significantly exceeded. A sentencing judge is not entitled to treat the need for 'additional punishment' as overriding the totality principle in such circumstances.
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