A reduction for pre-sentence custody must be applied to both the head sentence and the non-parole period; confining the reduction to the non-parole period alone constitutes sentencing error that vitiates the exercise of the sentencing discretion. Hardships from COVID-19 restrictions and a rat plague in prison may warrant a reduction in sentence on resentencing, though the weight to be given to such factors depends on their severity and duration. Where counsel at first instance concedes that psychological evidence goes only to the subjective case and not moral culpability, and makes no submissions on the moderation of deterrence, the sentencing judge does not err in confining consideration of that evidence accordingly.
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