Scaffolding and Lifts Regulation 1950

In this regulation:

birdcage scaffolding means independent pole scaffolding used in connection with the interior decoration of buildings or for fixing building ceilings or for other like work in the course of which loads required to be carried by the scaffolding are small in weight when compared with the weight of persons using the scaffolding.

cantilever scaffolding means scaffolding the platform of which is supported by cantilevers.

heavy duty scaffolding means scaffolding used by bricklayers, masons, plasterers and other like tradespeople who in the course of their work require that heavy materials be deposited on the scaffolding.

independent pole scaffolding means scaffolding supported from the base by 2 or more rows of standards independent of support from a wall or other structure.

light duty scaffolding means scaffolding for the use of carpenters, painters, plumbers, electricians and other like tradespeople and that is required to support material of weight greater than that carried by birdcage scaffolding but not so great as that carried by heavy duty scaffolding.

light swinging stage means a scaffolding the working platform of which is suspended from overhead supports and does not exceed 18 feet in length, and whose weight, inclusive of all gear, ropes, tackle, and blocks in addition to all parts integral with the working staging but exclusive of needles, does not exceed 600 pounds, and that is so used that the total load on the working platform including workers and material does not at any time exceed 500 pounds.

run means a stationary incline provided as a means of ascent and descent from one level to another.

single pole scaffolding means a scaffolding supported from the base by but 1 row of standards, the inner edge of the working platform being supported by putlogs fixed to a wall or structure.

suspended scaffolding means a scaffolding the platform of which is suspended from overhead supports by round steel wire ropes and is capable of being raised and lowered by means of winches or like mechanism.

toe board means a board 9 inches in height erected at right angles to a scaffolding platform and tightly against the platform for protection to workers as well as to prevent material or tools falling from the a platform.

General

86 .

Scaffolding construction

Every scaffolding and every part of scaffolding shall be of sound material, good construction, adequate strength, free from patent defects and be suitable and safe for the purpose for which it is intended.

Timber

All timber used in the construction of scaffolding shall be an approved Australian hardwood or Oregon pine (Douglas fir) or other approved timber of equivalent strength and characteristics.

Timber shall be thoroughly inspected before use.

Working platforms—dimensions of scaffold planks

Except as otherwise provided in this section, the cross-sectional dimensions of scaffold planks shall be not less than 9 inches by 11/8 inches if of hardwood or 9 inches by 11/2 inches if of Oregon pine.

Working platforms—scaffold planks to be of uniform thickness

Scaffold planks used in the construction of working platforms shall be of uniform thickness so as not to cause unevenness of surface.

Working platforms—scaffold planks to lap

Except as otherwise provided in this section, scaffold planks shall be lapped 9 inches over supports.

Unless approved measures are taken to prevent uplift, no plank shall overhang a support more than 9 inches.

Working platforms—minimum width of working platforms

Except as otherwise provided in this section, a working platform shall be not less than 18 inches in width.

Working platforms—scaffold planks to be laid full width of frame

Scaffold planks shall be laid over the full width of the scaffolding frame and, in laying the planks, care shall be taken to avoid traps.

Guardrails and toe boards—where required

Guardrails and toe boards shall be provided on the outer edges and ends of all scaffolding from which a person or object could fall a distance of 10 feet or more.

Guardrails

Guardrails shall be of equivalent strength and rigidity to Oregon pine timber of cross-sectional dimensions four inches by 2 inches and shall be 36 inches in height.

Guardrails of metal piping shall be not less than 111/32 inches external diameter and if of rope not less than 3 inches in circumference.

All guardrails shall be secured to uprights at intervals of not more than 8 feet.

Toe boards

Toe boards shall project not less than 9 inches above the top of the platform planks and shall be set up so as to leave no space between the platform planks and the toe board bottom edge.

Fixings

Fixings shall be steel bolts 5/8 of an inch in diameter with washers and nuts, lashings of round fibre rope or other approved fixing.

For timbers not more than the dimensions provided in section 87 (3) to (9) and (29) to (55), fibre rope lashing for scaffolding shall be—

for scaffolding of more than 30 feet in height—18 feet in length by 11/2 inches in circumference; and

for scaffolding of 30 feet or less in height the lashings—16 feet in length by 11/2 inches in circumference.

For timbers of greater dimensions the length of fibre rope lashings shall be as approved.

It shall be an offence to use a fixing that has not been approved or that does not conform to the requirements of subsections (15) to (17).

Pipes for tubular scaffolding

Pipes for use in the construction of tubular scaffolding shall be straight and free from indentations, corrosion and other defects.

The ends of all pipes shall be squared to ensure even bearing over the whole area of the section at joints and other connections.

The pipes shall be of the dimensions and material specified in this section.

Fittings for tubular scaffolding

Only approved fittings shall be used for connecting the various members of a tubular scaffolding.

All such fittings shall accurately embrace, over the whole area of their bearing surfaces, the member or members on which they are used.

If the efficacy of the fittings is dependent on frictional grip, the fittings shall not be used to transmit primary tensile forces.

Fittings having screw threads in blind bosses or nuts, in which the amount of screw thread within the nut cannot be directly observed, shall not be used.

Electrical hazards

Scaffolding in which a metal member is used shall not be set up within 15 feet of any overhead electricity transmission line or main or within 15 feet of any electricity transmission apparatus until the transmission line, main, or transmission apparatus has been protected in an approved way by the electricity supply authority.

Scaffolding built of timber members shall not be set up within 5 feet of any such transmission line, main, or transmission apparatus until the protection mentioned in subsection (26) has been effected.

New types of scaffolding

All scaffolding for which specifications have not been given in this regulation, and all patented or manufactured scaffolding, parts of scaffolding or scaffolding devices, and all types of scaffolding developed subsequent to 25 May 1950 shall be of an approved type.

Repair of damaged scaffolding

Any scaffolding that has been damaged or weakened by any cause shall be immediately repaired and workers shall not be permitted on the scaffolding, except for the purpose of effecting repairs, until all repairs have been completed.

Restriction on use of fibre rope

Fibre rope shall not be used on or in connection with any scaffolding set up in any acid manufacturing plant or in any other plant where acids are generated or released in quantity or in other location where the rope is likely to be detrimentally affected by acid.

Construction of single and independent pole scaffolding

87 .

General arrangement

Single pole and independent pole scaffolding shall comprise a number of standards to which are fixed horizontal members (ledgers) supporting putlogs on which are laid scaffold planks, the structure thus constituted being braced, both longitudinally and transversely.

Bracing

This type of scaffolding shall be adequately braced in all directions to form a rigid structure capable of maintaining a wide margin of stability under all possible conditions.

Standards

The base of every standard shall bear on a firm footing.

If there is a possibility of settlement of any standard, the standard shall be provided with a foundation of such size and of such strength as to spread the load from the standard over a large enough area to prevent settlement.

If splices are necessary in round pole standards, butt jointed double poles shall be used instead of single poles and the double poles shall break joint at least 9 feet, poles being secured together with 2 rope lashings at the base and 1 rope lashing on each side of each butt joint.

When necessary as a protection against the impact of trucks or other heavy moving equipment, the bases of standards shall be protected from displacement by bumpers.

Sawn timber standards shall be butt jointed with 2 (two) 3-feet lengths of 4 inch by 2 inch timber fixed 1 on each side of the butt joint and bolted through with 4 5/8 inches diameter bolts, fitted with washers and nuts, spaced at 9 inch centres.

Fish plates and bolts shall be symmetrically arranged at each such joint.

Joints in the standards of tubular scaffolding shall not be at distances greater than 9 inches from ledgers or other members capable of effectively constraining the joints against lateral displacement.

Ledgers

Each ledger shall be secured to each standard at each crossing by use of the appropriate fixing prescribed by section 86 (15) to (17).

Each ledger shall be so fixed that the greater rectilinear dimension of a section of it shall stand vertically.

Ledgers shall be continuous and kept continuous for the whole length of a scaffolding frame.

A joint shall not be made in a ledger of a single span.

Joints shall not be made in ledgers in the vicinity of the end, or outer standards.

Joints shall not be made in adjacent spans of any ledger.

If a straight ledger is supported by a row of not less than 3 standards, 1 joint only may be made in the ledger, provided that the joint is not placed at a greater distance than 2 feet 3 inches from the central standard.

If a straight ledger is supported by a row of 4 or more standards, the ledger joints may be placed at any position but not within adjacent or end spans.

Putlogs

Putlogs shall be set above ledgers and they shall be securely fixed to ledgers or standards.

Every putlog shall have not less than 41/2 inches bearing in walls and they shall be securely wedged in position in walls.

If one end rests on a structure, it shall be effectively secured to the structure.

A joint shall not be made in the span of a putlog.

Putlogs shall be arranged so as to provide true and even support to scaffold planks.

On each ledger at least 1 putlog within 2 feet of each standard shall remain in the scaffolding until the scaffolding is finally removed.

The spacing of putlogs in scaffolding constructed of timber shall not exceed 6 feet.

For tubular scaffolding, 1 putlog shall be placed at each side of each standard except the standards at each end of the scaffolding frame, where only 1 need be used.

The putlogs for tubular scaffolding shall be positioned not more than 9 inches from a standard measured centre-line of standard to centre-line of putlog except as provided in this section.

The maximum span of a putlog in tubular scaffolding shall not exceed 5 feet 21/2 inches for a mild steel putlog, or 4 feet 81/2 inches for a putlog of high tensile aluminium alloy measured centre to centre of supports.

If 1 end of a putlog is supported by a wall or by part of a structure, the span shall be considered as the distance between the face of the wall and the centre-line of the ledger supporting the other end.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—permissible loads

The load due to the weight of people and materials uniformly distributed over the area of a scaffolding platform shall not exceed 35 pounds per square foot of platform area.

The weight of a concentrated load imposed on any bay of a scaffolding of this type shall not exceed 400 pounds provided that this load and the uniformly distributed load shall not act simultaneously.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—permissible number of working platforms

Not more than 2 working platforms shall be set up and used on a scaffolding frame at any one time, but short platforms may be set up in different positions on the frame, provided that the total area of these platforms supported by any standard would not exceed that supported when 2 full length platforms are set up.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—height

For subsections (29) to (31) and (33) to (43), the height of the scaffolding means the perpendicular distance measured from the base from which the scaffolding rises to the top surface of the topmost platform.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—standards

All standards shall be effectively tied to the building or structure or be otherwise braced at points not more than 12 feet apart in the length of each standard, and shall be—

of sawn timber 4 inches by 3 inches sectional dimensions; or

of timber poles not less than 3 inches diameter at the small end; or

for tubular scaffolding only—of round metal pipes, steam quality, mild steel, or pipes of an approved high tensile aluminium alloy or other approved alloy, all such pipes being of an outside diameter of not less than 129/32 inches, a nominal bore of 11/2 inches and a wall thickness of not less than 0.192 inches for pipes of mild steel and 0.176 inches for pipes of an approved alloy; or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—spacing of standards

Sawn timber and pole standards shall be spaced not more than 10 feet apart measured from the centre-line of one standard to the centre-line of the adjacent standard in the same row.

Pipe standards in tubular scaffolding shall be spaced not more than 7 feet 6 inches apart in any row measured as mentioned in subsection (34).

If 2 or more rows of standards are used, the rows shall be spaced so as to be not more than 5 feet apart for scaffolding constructed of timber or of mild steel pipes and not more than 4 feet 6 inches apart for scaffolding constructed of pipes made of an approved aluminium alloy.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—ledgers

Ledgers shall be spaced not more than 6 feet apart, provided that if circumstances so necessitate, the distance measured from the base of a scaffolding to the first ledger may be increased to not more than 10 feet, and shall be—

of sawn timber not less than 6 inches by 11/2 inches sectional dimensions if of hardwood and not less than 6 inches by 2 inches sectional dimensions if of Oregon pine; or

of timber poles not less than 21/2 inches diameter at the small end; or

for tubular scaffolding only—of round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section, or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—putlogs

Putlogs shall be—

of sawn timber not less than 3 inches by 3 inches sectional dimensions if of hardwood and not less than 4 inches by 3 inches if of Oregon pine; or

for tubular scaffolding only—of round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—spacing of putlogs

Sawn timber putlogs shall be spaced at not more than 6 feet apart.

For scaffolding constructed of metal pipes, a putlog shall be placed at each side of each standard except the standards at each end of the scaffolding frame, where 1 only need be used.

The putlogs for scaffolding constructed of metal pipes shall be positioned not more than 9 inches from a standard, measured centre-line of standard to centre-line of putlog.

The maximum span of a mild steel pipe putlog shall not exceed 5 feet 21/2 inches and the maximum span of a putlog of high tensile aluminium pipe shall not exceed 4 feet 81/2 inches.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding not exceeding 30 feet in height—bracings

Bracings shall be—

sawn timber not less than 9 square inches in sectional area; or

timber poles not less than 21/2 inches diameter at the small end; or

for tubular scaffolding—round metal pipes as mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—general

The requirements of subsections (29) to (32) shall also apply to this type of scaffolding.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—standards

Standards shall be—

of sawn timber not less than 4 inches by 4 inches sectional dimensions; or

of timber poles not less than 3 inches diameter at the small end; or

for tubular scaffolding—round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—spacing of standards

Sawn timber and pole standards shall be spaced not more than 9 feet apart measured from the centre-line of one standard to the centre‑line of the adjacent standard in the same row.

Pipe standards in tubular scaffolding shall be spaced not more than 7 feet 6 inches apart in any row measured as mentioned in subsection (46).

If 2 or more rows of standards are used the rows shall be spaced so as to be not more than 5 feet apart for scaffolding constructed of timber or of mild steel pipes and not more than 4 feet 6 inches apart for scaffolding constructed of pipes of approved aluminium alloy.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—ledgers

Ledgers shall be spaced not more than 6 feet apart, provided that if circumstances so necessitate, the distance measured from the base of a scaffolding to the first ledger may be increased to not more than 10 feet, and shall be—

of approved sawn hardwood timber not less than 6 inches by 2 inches sectional dimensions or of Oregon pine timber not less than 6 inches by 21/2 inches sectional dimensions; or

of timber poles not less than 3 inches diameter at the small end; or

for tubular scaffolding only—of round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—putlogs

Putlogs shall be—

of sawn hardwood timber not less than 3 inches by 3 inches sectional dimensions; or

for tubular scaffolding only—of round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—spacing of putlogs

Sawn timber putlogs shall be spaced at not more than 6 feet apart.

For scaffolding constructed of metal pipes, 1 putlog shall be placed at each side of each standard, except the standards at each end of the scaffolding frame where only 1 putlog need be used.

All putlogs for scaffolding constructed of metal pipes shall be located not more than 9 inches from a standard measured from the centre-line of the standard to the centre-line of the putlog.

The maximum span of a mild steel pipe putlog shall not exceed 5 feet 21/2 inches and the maximum span of a putlog of high tensile aluminium pipe shall not exceed 4 feet 81/2 inches.

Heavy duty single and independent pole scaffolding exceeding 30 feet but not exceeding 150 feet in height—bracings

Bracings shall be—

sawn timber, not less than 9 square inches in sectional area; or

timber poles not less than 21/2 inches diameter at the small end; or

for light duty scaffolding—round metal pipes mentioned in subsection (33) (c); or

of the other material, construction and dimensions that may be prescribed in this section or that may be approved.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—permissible loads

This type of scaffolding shall be used only by painters and decorators and other like tradespeople in building work of such description that the scaffolding is subjected only to small loads from the combined weight of workers and materials.

The total load due to the weight of workers and material on the platform of a light duty scaffolding shall not exceed the equivalent of a uniformly distributed load of 10 pounds per square foot of platform area.

This loading equals the combined weight of 4 workers plus material weighing 50 pounds.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—height

The height of the topmost platform shall not exceed 100 feet, such height being the distance measured from the base from which the scaffolding rises to the top surface of the platform.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—permissible number of working platforms

Not more than 2 working platforms shall be set up and used on a scaffolding frame at any time, but short platforms may be set up in different positions on the frame provided that the total area of these platforms supported by any standard would not exceed that supported when 2 full length platforms are set up.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—standards

Standards shall be of round metal pipes, steam quality, mild steel, or pipes of an approved high tensile aluminium alloy, or other approved alloy, all such pipes being of an outside diameter of not less than 129/32 inches, a nominal bore of 11/2 inches and a wall thickness of not less than 0.192 inches for pipes of mild steel and 0.176 inches for pipes of an approved alloy.

All standards shall be effectively tied to the building or structure or be otherwise braced at points not more than 12 feet apart, measured centre to centre.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—spacing of standards

Standards shall be spaced not more than 12 feet apart measured from the centre-line of one standard to the centre-line of the adjacent standard in the same row.

If 2 or more rows of standards are used the rows shall be spaced so as to be not more than 6 feet apart measured from the centre-line of one row to the centre-line of another row.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—ledgers

Ledgers shall be of round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (61).

Ledgers shall be spaced not more than 10 feet apart.

For this type of scaffolding the distance of a joint in a ledger from a vertical shall not exceed 1 foot 9 inches.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—putlogs

Putlogs shall be round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (61).

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—spacing of putlogs

A putlog shall be placed at each side of each standard except the standards at each end of the scaffolding frame, where 1 only need be used.

The distance measured between the centre-line of a putlog and the centre-line of a standard shall be 2 feet.

The span of a putlog shall not exceed 6 feet 41/2 inches.

Light duty single and independent pole tubular scaffolding—bracings

Bracings shall be round metal pipes of the description and dimensions mentioned in subsection (61).

Tubular birdcage scaffolding—permissible loads

The total load on the platform in any bay at any time of this type of scaffolding shall not exceed the weight of 2 workers plus material weighing 50 pounds.

Tubular birdcage scaffolding—arrangement and construction

The general arrangement, construction and materials shall be as mentioned in subsections (56) to (72) subject to the following:

platform planks may be spaced not more than 7 inches apart;

the span of a mild steel putlog may be increased to 8 feet and the span of a high tensile aluminium putlog may be increased to 6 feet;

standards shall be spaced not more than 10 feet apart in any row, unless additional putlogs are provided to support cantilevered ends of platform planks;

not more than 1 working platform shall be set up on a scaffolding frame at any time.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—uses of scaffolding

This type of scaffolding shall only be used by painters, repairers, decorators, electric welders and other like tradespeople.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—tubes

Tubes shall be mild steel round pipes of steam quality, not less than 111/32 inches outside diameter, having walls not less in thickness than 0.16 inch.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—fittings

The fittings or devices used for connecting the various members of the scaffolding shall be only those that have been approved.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—height

The height of the topmost platform above the surface on which the scaffolding is erected shall not exceed 15 feet for scaffolding having 1 or 2 rows of standards and shall not exceed 24 feet for scaffolding having 3 or more rows of standards.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—standards

Standards shall be spaced not more than 5 feet apart measured horizontally centre to centre along any row.

If 2 or more rows of standards are used, the rows shall be spaced 3 feet 9 inches apart measured horizontally centre to centre.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—ledgers

Each ledger shall be supported by and at each standard.

The vertical distance of one ledger to the next adjacent in the height of a standard shall not exceed 6 feet.

The lowest ledger shall be fixed at a height not exceeding 18 inches above the feet of the standards.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—putlogs

Putlogs shall be connected directly to the standards and the fittings employed shall be set together as closely as is practicable.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—bracing

Diagonal bracings of steel scaffolding tubing shall be so arranged and fixed as to directly and effectively prevent longitudinal movements of all putlogs and of all ledgers.

Alternatively the putlogs shall be effectively braced from an adjacent building or structure and the bracing shall be at least of equal effect to that otherwise required.

Light duty single and independent pole scaffolding of 1 inch internal diameter steel tube—general limitations

In connection with this type of scaffolding no person shall—

impose or cause to be imposed on any putlog a greater total load than 470 pounds weight, inclusive of workers, tools, equipment, materials and platform timbers; or

impose or cause to be imposed simultaneously on any scaffolding framework a greater number of working platforms than 2, but short platforms may be set up in different positions on the frame provided that the total area of these platforms supported by any part of the framework shall not exceed that supported when 2 full length platforms are set up; or

use or cause to be used in connection with the scaffolding any connector, clip, socket, fitting, jack, base, finial, fastening, wheel or caster, unless it has been approved; or

use or cause to be used any such connector, clip, socket, fitting, jack, base, finial, fastening, wheel or caster in any way or for any purpose other than that for which it has been approved, or for any greater loading than that for which it has been so approved; or

fix or use or cause to be fixed or used any putlog of greater span than 3 feet 9 inches measured horizontally centre to centre of the standards or from the centre of a standard to the nearest face of the other support; or

load or cause to be loaded any member of the scaffolding framework in any way other than that mentioned in this section.

Cantilever scaffolding

88 .

General arrangement

The general arrangement of cantilever scaffolding shall be as shown in schedule 7, plate 2.

Platform width

The platform width for this type of scaffolding shall not exceed 5 feet unless otherwise approved.

Platform planks

The platform planks shall be spiked, strapped, lashed, or wired in position to overcome creep and to prevent displacement by wind.

The dimensions of a section of any platform plank shall be not less than 10 inches by 11/2 inches for spans to 6 feet and 10 inches by 2 inches for spans exceeding 6 feet but not exceeding 10 feet.

Guardrails and toe board

A toe board shall be securely fixed at the open sides of all platforms and guardrails at the open sides and ends of all platforms.

Guardrails of the dimensions and description provided for by this regulation shall be fixed at the open sides and ends of all platforms.

Cantilevers

The length of a cantilever inside a building or structure shall not be less than 8 feet measured horizontally from the centre-line of the cantilever support to the centre of the bolt securing the inboard end to its support.

The dimensions of a section of a cantilever shall not be less than 9 inches by 21/2 inches for Oregon pine timber, or 9 inches by 2 inches for approved hardwood timber if the distance between the centre-lines of adjacent cantilevers does not exceed 6 feet.

If the distance is more than 6 feet but does not exceed 10 feet, the dimensions of the section shall be 10 inches by 21/2 inches for oregon and 10 inches by 2 inches for hardwood.

The diameter of a bolt used for fixing the inboard end of a cantilever to its support shall be not less than 5/8 of an inch.

Toms

If the inboard end of a cantilever is fixed to a tom, the dimensions of a section of the tom shall be not less than 4 inches by 3 inches.

Each tom shall rise from a pair of fox wedges, which shall be driven tight and then nailed, or it shall be fixed in an equally secure way.

Bracing

All toms shall be effectively braced by the use of 3 inch by 2 inch timber diagonal braces as indicated in schedule 7, plate 2.

Each cantilever shall be braced as shown in schedule 7, plate 2 by 3 inch by 2 inch timber braces.

All braces shall be fixed by bolts not less than 1/2 an inch in diameter.

Bracket scaffolding

89 .

General

In this section:

bracket scaffolding means a working platform supported by brackets, either of timber or metal, constructed and erected as mentioned in this section.

Bracket scaffolding shall be used only by carpenters, painters, tuck pointers, electricians, plumbers and other like tradespeople who do not require their working platform to carry quantities of materials or to withstand the effects of marked physical activity.

General arrangement

The general arrangement of a timber bracket scaffolding shall be as shown in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 1, provided that the brackets shall not be spaced at a greater distance apart than 14 feet.

Construction of timber brackets—general arrangement

The general arrangement of brackets shall be as shown in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 2 or 3.

Construction of timber brackets—vertical legs

The minimum length of the vertical leg of a bracket shall be 4 feet and the minimum cross-sectional dimensions shall be 4 inches by 3 inches for Oregon pine timber and 4 inches by 2 inches for hardwood timber.

Construction of timber brackets—horizontal legs

The overall length of the horizontal legs shall not exceed 2 feet 6 inches and the cross-sectional dimensions of the legs shall be as set out in subsection (5) for vertical legs.

Construction of timber brackets—connection vertical to horizontal legs

The inboard end of the horizontal leg shall sit fair and square on the upper end of a vertical leg and one shall be connected to the other either by a 14 inch by 14 inch gusset of 14 gauge mild steel plate, secured by 4 3/8 inches diameter mild steel bolts, 2 in each leg as shown schedule 7, plate 3, figure 2, or by the insertion of a 3/16 of an inch thick mild steel plate connected by 3 (three) 3/8 of and inch diameter mild steel bolts as shown in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 3.

Construction of timber brackets—bracing between vertical and horizontal legs

If the vertical leg is connected to the horizontal by a gusset, 1 pair of braces of 3 inch by 11/4 inch timber shall be used as shown in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 2, or if a mild steel insert is used for this connection 2 pairs of braces of those dimensions shall be used for the purpose as shown in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 3.

In both cases the ends of each brace shall be cut to form a shoulder that shall bear against the horizontal and vertical legs of the bracket, respectively.

Construction of timber brackets—handrail brackets

Handrail brackets constructed of mild steel plate 3/16 of an inch thick shall be fixed to the outer end of the horizontal leg of each bracket by 3/8 of an inch diameter mild steel bolts as indicated in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 5 and the handrail upright shall be bolted to this bracket.

Struts

The strut used for holding a bracket against a wall shall not be less than 4 inches by 3 inches cross-sectional dimensions for lengths up to and including 20 feet.

The strut shall be so positioned that the 3 inch face is uppermost.

For lengths longer than 20 feet, the cross-sectional dimensions shall be so increased that a strut of equal strength is provided.

The lower ends of the struts shall be effectively secured against movement.

The angle of the struts with the horizontal shall not be greater than 60° or less than 50°, with the exception that for seasoned brickwork the angle may be flattened to between 40° and 60°.

Bracing between struts

Struts shall be braced one to the other as indicated in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 1.

The braces, marked ‘B’ in the figure, shall have cross-sectional dimensions not less than 3 inches by 11/4 inches for both hardwood and Oregon pine, and may be spiked, clamped or bolted in position.

Platform

The platform may be of Oregon pine or hardwood scaffold planks.

The overall width of the platform shall not exceed 2 feet 6 inches and the minimum width shall be 1 foot 6 inches.

The scaffold planks shall be spiked or otherwise effectively secured to the brackets at each end and shall be cleated at mid length in the way shown in schedule 7, plate 3, figure 4.

If the distance between brackets does not exceed 12 feet, the thickness of the scaffold planks shall be not less than 11/2 inches for Oregon pine timber and 11/8 inches for hardwood timber.

If the distance between brackets exceeds 12 feet but does not exceed 14 feet the thickness of the scaffold planks shall be not less than 13/4 inches for Oregon pine and 13/8 inches for hardwood.

Handrails

Handrails shall be fixed at the outer edges and ends of all bracket scaffolding and shall be not less than 3 inches by 2 inches cross‑sectional dimensions.

Handrail uprights shall be effectively and rigidly attached to the brackets as mentioned in subsection (10).

Metal brackets

Metal brackets shall be so designed and constructed that they conform to the appropriate design requirements of part 11.

Working platforms supported by metal brackets shall conform to the requirements of this section.

Suspended scaffolding

90 .

Loading

Suspended scaffolding constructed and erected in accordance with this section or to an approved design and description shall not at any time be loaded, except in a bona fide test in the presence of an inspector, in excess of the maximum load permitted by this section or specified by the chief inspector in an approval.

The load on the platform over any one bay of a suspended scaffolding, constructed in accordance with this section, due to the weight of workers and materials shall not exceed 1 200 pounds and the gross weight, that is, the weight of scaffolding platforms, machine, ropes, workers and materials on any one outrigger shall not exceed 1 800 pounds or the load that is approved.

Inspection

The moving parts of every scaffolding machine shall be inspected at least twice a month and a record shall be kept of the findings of the inspections.

This record shall be accessible to an inspector at all times.

The owner of a scaffolding machine shall be notified to at once replace any defective or worn parts and the use of the machine shall be discontinued until the required replacements have been made.

In addition the owner or lessor of every scaffolding machine shall make a monthly inspection of every scaffolding machine in use and a record of the findings shall be kept.

This record shall also be accessible to an inspector at all times.

When a scaffolding machine is removed from a location, it shall be thoroughly inspected and overhauled before again being used.

Platform

The total width of the working platform shall not exceed 5 feet.

The working platform shall be formed of scaffold planks laid so that their edges abut and fit tight.

Scaffold planks shall be of Oregon pine not less than 10 inches wide and 2 inches thick.

Each scaffold plank shall overlap its support by at least 12 inches but not more than 24 inches at the ends of the scaffolding.

The ends of the scaffold planks of each unit, comprising 4 machines, shall be cleated and the cleats shall be made of 4 inches by 11/2 inches timber, or of 2 inches by 3/8 of an inch steel placed near the ends of the planks and outside the bearers and be so arranged as to ensure that the ends of the planks cannot lose their bearing on a bearer.

Each scaffold plank shall be secured to the cleats by bolts not less than 3/8 of an inch in diameter.

Every such platform shall be supported on bearers made of steel, or other approved metal, having a transverse strength at least equivalent to a 2 inches by 2 inches by 3/8 of a inch Australian Standard steel angle section.

Guardrails and fender boards

Guardrails constructed in conformity with this regulation shall be effectively secured at a height of not less than 3 feet above the platform surface.

Fender boards 9 inches high and 11/2 inches thick shall be effectively secured on the outside, inside and ends of each platform.

Prevention of swaying

Ropes or hooks shall be used and fastened to the platform of the scaffolding and to the building or structure in such way and at such intervals as to prevent the scaffolding swaying away from the building or structure.

Likewise fenders shall be provided if required to prevent the scaffolding from swinging against the building or structure.

Suspended scaffolding machines

No scaffolding machine, winch or other like mechanism shall be used as the lifting or lowering mechanism of a suspended scaffolding unless drawings, or a sample of the machine, winch, or mechanism, together with a complete description in writing of how the machine, winch, or mechanism is to be set up, used, and maintained, have previously been submitted to the chief inspector and have been approved.

All such machines, winches, and mechanisms shall be designed, set up, used and maintained as provided in the section and in accordance with the approved design and description, and while in use shall be kept lubricated and maintained in an efficient state of repair, free from accumulation of dust, dirt or foreign matter.

Wire ropes for suspended scaffolding

Steel wire ropes of approved flexibility shall be used for suspended scaffolding.

The terminal ends of every such rope shall be effectively secured to anchorages of ultimate strength at least equal to that of the rope.

Ropes shall be evenly wound on the drum and not more rope than can be accommodated between the drum flanges shall be wound on the drum.

Platform steel structural members

The steel structural members of a suspended scaffolding platform shall be so designed, constructed and used that under maximum conditions of loading the stress in each and every part of the members and in the connections of one part or member to another shall not exceed that prescribed by part 11.

Cantilevers supporting a suspended scaffolding

The cantilevers constituting the overhead supports for a suspended scaffolding shall be rolled steel joist sections at least equivalent in strength to a 7 inches by 31/2 inches by 15 pounds per running foot Australian Standard rolled steel joist section.

The cantilevers shall be at least 15 feet in length and they shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches from the outside point of support on a building or structure.

These cantilevers shall be spaced at not more than 10 feet apart measured from the longitudinal centre-line of one to the longitudinal centre-line of the adjacent cantilever.

Supports for suspended scaffolding cantilevers

Every such cantilever shall be provided with an adequate and firm support and the support shall be so arranged that the projecting or cantilever part shall be as short as possible.

Fixing of suspended scaffolding cantilevers

The inner end of each cantilever shall—

be secured to the building or structure with bolts or other suitable fittings; or

be counterbalanced with weights in accordance with the provisions of part 11; or

be shored from a higher floor or steel frame of a building or structure, provided that every shore used is positively secured in its correct position and in such a way that no lateral movement can occur, and provided further that every shore so used is of adequate strength for the purpose and is so placed and fixed that undue load is not imposed on any part of the building or structure supporting the cantilever.

The bolts or other fittings mentioned in subsection (30) (a), and also the parts of the building or structure to which the cantilever is fixed, shall provide a factor of safety of at least 4 under maximum conditions of loading.

Suspended scaffolding cantilever supports

Every platform or structure, or beam, bearer, or other structural member used for supporting any such cantilever and the loads from it or from any counterbalance or used for supporting and transferring the weight of counterbalance to cantilever, or used for transferring the loads from a cantilever to part of a building or structure shall be of such construction that a factor of safety of at least 6 shall obtain in all timber parts, taking into consideration the resultant loads from the cantilever when the suspended scaffolding is fully loaded, and also, when the scaffolding is unloaded.

Every such platform, or structure, or beam, bearer, or other structural member shall be so constructed and fixed and secured that lateral movement cannot occur in any direction.

Bolt diameters

Every bolt used for anchoring a cantilever or used in connections in the structure supporting a cantilever or for securing a shore in position, or for securing bracing or other structural member shall not be less than 5/8 of an inch in diameter and shall be provided with standard washers.

Weight of cantilever counterbalance

The net weight of the counterbalance on any cantilever shall not be less than 3 times that necessary to balance the load on the projecting part of the cantilever when the scaffolding is fully loaded.

Suspended scaffolding rope anchors

A fitting of mild steel stock having sectional dimensions not less than 2 inches by 3/8 of an inch shall be fitted at the outer end of every suspended scaffolding cantilever for the purpose of anchoring the scaffolding suspension rope or rope block.

Every such fitting shall fit snug at the top and sides of the cantilever.

Each leg shall be so forged as to make an angle of not less than 75° with the bottom surface of the cantilever, until the inside faces of each leg are 1 inch apart.

Each leg shall then be forged so as to assume a vertical position.

The legs are to be of such length that the vertical portions are parallel for not less than 21/2 inches.

The vertical part of each leg shall then be drilled to take a 3/4 of an inch diameter steel bolt, the centre of the bolt hole being not less than 1 inch distant from the lower bend.

A steel bolt not less than 3/4 of an inch in diameter shall be inserted in the holes in the vertical legs, the bolt nut then being screwed on and the end of the bolt riveted over, or alternatively a split pin may be fitted in a hole drilled through the bolt end outside the nut.

Every such fitting shall be secured to the cantilever by a bolt through the sides of the fitting and through the mid-section of the cantilever web or by a bolt passing through the cantilever web nearer the end of the cantilever than the spot where the fitting is positioned.

Use of suspended scaffolding machines

No person under 18 years old and no person unless specifically authorised by his or her employer so to do, shall work a machine, winch, or mechanism used for raising or lowering a suspended scaffolding and no person shall in any way interfere with it.

No person shall employ, instruct or direct any person under 18 years old to act in contravention of this provision.

The handles of the scaffolding machine, winch, or mechanism shall be left in that position that will prevent the platform from descending when the machine, winch, or mechanism is not actually in use for raising or lowering the platform.

Platform to be kept level

The process of raising and lowering a suspended scaffolding shall be such as to ensure that the working platform shall remain substantially level.

Restrictions on use of suspended scaffolding

Suspended scaffolding shall not be used if in the opinion of an inspector—

the position of the scaffolding and the conditions under which the scaffolding is or would be used are dangerous to human life or limb; or

the building or structure to which the scaffolding is attached or is proposed to be attached is not suitable for safely supporting a suspended scaffolding; or

the scaffolding is not suitable for the work contemplated.

Light swinging stages

91 .

Designs to be submitted

If it is impracticable to construct and use a light swinging stage of a type conforming to the requirements of this section, completely detailed working drawings together with a full description of the proposed methods of use of the light swinging stage proposed to be erected and used shall be submitted to the chief inspector and be approved before any person is allowed on the stage.

Working platform

The working platform of a light swinging stage shall be not less than 20 inches nor more than 24 inches wide and shall be formed of straight grained oregon scaffolding planks not less than 11/2 inches thick, running the full length of the platform.

These planks shall be stiffened with strong cleats fixed at the centre and immediately adjacent to each hanger.

The total length of the working platform shall not exceed 18 feet and the span of the scaffold planks from the centre-line of one hanger to the centre-line of the other shall not exceed 12 feet.

The overhang of the scaffold planks at each end shall not exceed 1/4 of the distance between the centre-lines of the hangers.

Guardrails and toe boards

A guardrail of straight grained Oregon pine having sectional dimensions not less than 3 inches by 2 inches or of galvanised steel water pipe of 1 inch internal diameter, or of a section and material ensuring equivalent strength and stiffness for the span, securely fastened to the hangers at not less than 30 inches above the surface of the working platform shall be provided on the outer side of the platform, and also, if in the opinion of an inspector it is necessary in the interests of safety to human life and limb, on the inside and ends of the platform.

A toe board of not less than 6 inches by 1 inch sectional dimensions shall be provided and securely fixed on edge on the other side of the platform in all cases and if material or tools are to be loosely placed on the platform, a toe board of like section is to be provided on both sides and ends.

Hangers

The hangers supporting the working platform of a light swinging stage shall be constructed of steel bar 2 inches by 1/2 an inch sectional dimensions or of steel rod 1 inch in diameter.

Each hanger shall pass under the platform planks and shall be securely fixed to them.

The distance measured between the vertical legs of a hanger shall not exceed that necessary to accommodate the full width of the platform scaffold planks.

An anchorage of approved design shall be incorporated in the construction of each hanger, such anchorage to be used for the purpose of attaching the bottom block of the rope tackle used for raising and lowering the platform.

Tackle for raising and lowering light swinging stages—rope

The fall rope of a tackle used for raising and lowering a light swinging stage shall be constructed of Manila or sisal fibre, shall be not less than 21/2 inches in circumference and shall be reeved through a double and a single block so as to form 4 parts of rope.

At all times other than when the stage is being raised or lowered the hauling part of the fibre rope is to be made fast with a self-locking hitch to the lower block.

Tackle for raising and lowering light swinging stages—fibre rope blocks

The carcase of every block for fibre rope, both single and double sheave, used in the tackle for raising and lowering a light swinging stage, shall be constructed of steel and the sheaves of each such block shall be not less than 4 inches in diameter, measured at the bottom of the rope groove.

The rope groove shall be of such size and shape as to afford ample support for the fibre rope passing over the sheave.

No such block shall, unless approved, be used in which the rope anchorage or becket is fixed to the block carcase by welding.

Rope blocks shall be adequately secured to a needle by a steel wire rope lashing or by a steel fitting designed in conformity with the requirements of part 11.

The mouth of every rope block hook shall be moused to prevent inadvertent displacement.

Needles

For this section, the cantilevers from which a light swinging stage tackle is suspended shall be known as needles.

Timber needles of at least equivalent strength to Oregon pine shall in no case be of smaller sectional dimensions than 6 inches by 4 inches and shall be placed on edge.

If needles of this minimum section are used, the point of suspension of the fall rope top block shall not be more than 2 feet from the point of bearing of the needle on the building or structure.

If this dimension cannot be kept within this limit, needles of larger sectional dimensions shall be used and the transverse strength of such larger section shall bear the same proportion to a 6 inch by 4 inch section on edge as the longer length of the cantilevered portion bears to 2 feet.

If timber needles are counterbalanced, their length shall not be less than 12 feet and not less than 9 feet of the length shall be on the counterbalanced side.

Fixing of needles

Needles shall either be firmly secured to the building or structure with bolts, approved steel fittings, or lashing, designed in conformity with the provisions of part 11 or they shall be counterbalanced with weights in accordance with that part.

Provision shall be made to prevent needles turning over or moving laterally, and any planking, platform or other structure provided for supporting needles or the counterbalance on needles shall have adequate strength to sustain the maximum weight imposed without undue deflection.

Counterbalance

The net weight of the counterbalance on any needle shall not be less than 3 times the weight necessary to balance the weight of the load on the projecting part of a needle when the stage is fully loaded.

In calculating the net weight of counterbalance, due regard shall be given to the points of suspension of the stage, the disposition of the counterbalance, and the point of substantial bearing of the needle between them.

Every such counterbalance shall be secured to the needles in a way that will prevent it accidentally shifting or being inadvertently removed.

Sand or liquids shall not be used as a counterbalance.

Use of parapet hooks prohibited

A parapet hook shall not be used for the purpose of suspending a light swinging stage.

Stage to be kept level

In raising and lowering a light swinging stage the process shall be carried out in such a way as to ensure that the platform will remain substantially level.

Winches for light swinging stages

A machine, winch or other mechanism may be used for raising and lowering a light swinging stage provided that—

a design; or

a sample together with a written description of how the machine, winch or mechanism is to be set up, used and maintained;

has previously been submitted to the chief inspector and has been approved.

All such machines, winches and mechanisms shall be designed, set up, used, and maintained as provided in the section and in accordance with the approved design and description, and while in use they shall be kept lubricated and maintained in an efficient state of repair and free from any accumulation of dust, dirt, or foreign matter.

Ropes shall be wound evenly on the drum of such machine, winch or mechanism and not more rope than can be accommodated between the drum flanges shall be wound on the drum.

The handles of all such machines, winches and mechanisms when not actually in use for raising or lowering shall be kept in that position that will prevent the stage from descending.

Restrictions of light swinging stages

Light swinging stages shall not be used where, in the opinion of an inspector—

the position of the scaffolding and the conditions under which the scaffolding is or would be used are dangerous to human life and limb; or

the building or structure to which the scaffolding is attached or is proposed to be attached is not suitable for safely supporting the type of scaffolding used or proposed to be used; or

the scaffolding is not suitable for the work contemplated.

No person under 18 years old and no person unless specially authorised by his or her employer so to do shall work a machine, winch or mechanism used for raising or lowering a light swinging stage and no person shall interfere with it.

No person shall employ, instruct, or direct any person under 18 years old to act in contravention of this provision.

Inspection

Immediately before the erection of a light swinging stage and at frequent intervals afterwards, the person actually responsible for erecting the stage and the scaffolder in charge of the work shall inspect all parts of the stage and its supports and satisfy himself or herself as to its safety and conformity with the section.

Boatswain’s chairs

92 .

Seat construction

The seat of a boatswain’s chair shall be constructed of timber not less than 1 inch in thickness and the seat shall be so arranged that a person seated in it shall have a seating space of not less than 18 inches by 10 inches.

Cleats made of timber not less than 3 inches by 1 inch sectional dimensions shall be firmly fixed to the ends of the timber, on the underside, forming the seat.

Slings

The slings supporting the seat of a boatswain’s chair shall be of fibre rope, not less than 11/2 inches in circumference.

These slings shall be crossed underneath the chair seat and each leg shall pass through a suitable hole, 1 in each of the 4 corners of the seat and be arranged to form a loop over the seat to take a rope pulley block hook.

These slings shall be fixed to the underside of the seat to prevent the seat tilting in the slings.

Tackle—blocks

The rope blocks included in the tackle for suspending and raising and lowering a boatswain’s chair shall be 1 (one) 2-sheave upper block and a single sheave lower block.

The carcase of each block shall be of steel and the rope anchor or becket on the bottom block shall not unless approved be fixed to the block by welding.

The rope sheaves shall be not less than 4 inches in diameter and they shall be grooved to accommodate the tackle rope.

Tackle—rope

The rope of the tackle suspending a boatswain’s chair shall be of either Manila or sisal fibre.

The rope shall be so reeved as to form a 4-part rope tackle and shall be not less than 2 inches in circumference.

Support

All overhead support for a boatswain’s chair shall be safely secured in position and shall be of sufficient strength to sustain not less than 4 times the weight to be suspended from it.

Inspection

Immediately before the erection of a boatswain’s chair, and at frequent intervals afterwards, the person actually responsible for the erection of the chair, or the person in charge of the work, shall inspect the overhead supports and the tackle to see that it is safe for use and in use.

Scaffolding for use on ships in dock or on slips

93 .

Large flying stages—working platforms

The working platform of this type of scaffolding shall be Oregon pine planks not less than 12 inches by 3 inches sectional dimensions and if the distance between the ropes supporting the stage exceeds 18 feet an intermediate supporting rope shall be used.

Staging planks shall lap at least 4 feet.

Large flying stages—stage ropes

The stage ropes shall be flexible steel wire ropes not less than 11/2 inches in circumference and shall have a long eye spliced in one end to go round planks, the eye to be not less than 4 feet 6 inches in length.

A short eye shall be spliced in the other end to take a tail rope.

Tail ropes shall be flexible steel wire ropes not less than 11/2 inches in circumference and of sufficient length to pass over the bulwarks.

Stage ropes shall be attached to planks, in the middle of plank laps, with 1 full turn of the large eye.

Large flying stages—guys

A sufficient number of guy ropes shall be used to secure proper steadiness of every stage.

The guys shall be of flexible steel wire, not less than 11/4 inches in circumference with fibre tail ropes not less than 2 inches in circumference.

Guy and tail ropes shall be attached by means of spliced eyes.

All stages shall have effective end guys.

Large flying stages—life-lines

All stages shall be provided with life-lines of not less than 21/2 inch circumference fibre rope properly secured to the stage ropes by means of fibre rope lanyards not less than 11/4 inches in circumference at a height of not less than 2 feet 6 inches above the surface of the planks.

Small flying stages—working platform

The working platform of this type of scaffolding shall be Oregon pine planks not less than 12 inches by 2 inches sectional dimensions and not more than 14 feet in length.

Small flying stages—stage ropes

The stage ropes shall be flexible steel wire ropes not less than 1 inch in circumference and shall be attached to planks by making 1 full turn around the plank, seizing the rope beneath the plank and stapling it in position at the sides of the plank.

The stage ropes shall be attached to flexible steel wire tail ropes not less than 11/4 inches in circumference and of sufficient length to pass over the bulwarks.

Small flying stages—distance spars

Small flying stages shall be provided with spars securely fixed to planks, and sufficiently long to ensure effective working conditions.

Small flying stages—life-lines

When it is necessary for workers to work standing on small flying stages an efficient life-line shall be provided.

Small flying stages—restriction of use

A small flying stage shall not be used in any operation in which power operated tools are employed.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—general

All suspended stages for the use of engineers and boilermakers shall be so designed and constructed as to bear not less than 3 times the weight of the load to be put on them.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—suspension

This type of stage must be suspended from overhead catheads or needles of adequate strength properly lashed or otherwise securely and safely fixed in position.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—working platform

The working platform of this type of scaffolding shall comprise Oregon pine planks not less than 12 inches by 3 inches free from knots and shakes.

It shall be supported at intervals of not more than 14 feet and shall be not less than 2 planks in width.

Planks shall lap at least 4 feet.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—platform bearers

Platform spawls or bearers shall be of Oregon pine or other approved timber not less than 6 inches by 6 inches sectional dimensions.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—supporting ropes

The supporting ropes for this type of stage shall be flexible steel wire ropes not less than 11/2 inches in circumference.

They shall be secured to the overhead needles or catheads and to the plank spawls or bearers.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—life-lines

If the use of life-lines will not interfere with the operations being carried on and workers have to work standing on a stage, life-lines of not less than 21/2 inches circumference fibre rope shall be effectively lashed to the supporting ropes or to special stanchions by means of rope lanyards 11/2 inches in circumference.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—guys

Guy ropes of adequate strength and sufficient in number shall be used to secure proper steadiness of every such stage.

Suspended stages for engineers and boilermakers—smaller stages

Stages in which the distance between supports is appreciably less than provided for in this section may have planks and spawls of lesser dimensions than provided for in this section subject to the scaffolding having a strength equivalent to the scaffolding covered by this section.

Engineers and boilermakers trestle scaffolds

Trestles conforming to the requirements of this regulation may be used for supporting a working platform of adequate strength for engineers and boilermakers.

Access to Stages

Safe means of access shall be provided to all stages used on ships in dock or on slips.

If a builders’ ladder is used as a means of access, it shall extend to a height of at least 3 feet 6 inches above the place of landing for persons using the ladder.

Runs and ramps

94 .

All runs, ramps, gangways and similar structures used as a means of communication in building work shall be of sound material, good construction, adequate strength, free from patent defects and be safe for the purposes for which they are intended.

They shall be constructed of timber planks not less than 10 inches by 2 inches sectional dimensions and shall be not less than 2 feet 6 inches wide.

When the planks overlap, the plank that runs from below shall be placed so that it laps over the one running from above.

Such planks shall be positively fixed in position.

The supports for the planks shall be of adequate strength and shall be effectively braced.

The construction of runs, ramps and gangways at an incline greater than 1 foot rise in 3 feet is prohibited.

The planks of runs, ramps and gangways shall be cleated or otherwise fastened together to prevent unequal sagging.

If runs, ramps and gangways are more than 8 feet in height, the outside edges at least shall be provided with guardrails and toe boards.

Part 7 Safeguards and measures to be taken for securing the safety and health of persons engaged in excavation work

Division 7.1 General

95 .

An adequate supply of timber of the required dimensions, or other approved material, shall if necessary be provided and used to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable and as early as is reasonably practicable in the course of the work, danger to any person employed from a fall or dislodgment of earth, rock or other material forming the side of or adjacent to any excavation work.

In addition to any other examination necessary to ensure compliance with this regulation, every part of an excavation work, other than a part to which subsection (3) (a) applies, shall be specially examined before any person works in it and afterwards at least once in every period of 7 days for the purpose of ensuring compliance with this regulation and in particular to see that timber and other supports are adequate, properly secured and in good condition.

However—

subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply if, having regard to the nature and slope of the side of the excavation and other circumstances, no fall or dislodgment of earth or other material so as to bury or trap a person employed, or so as to strike a person employed from a height of more than 5 feet is liable to occur; and

subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply in relation to a person actually engaged in timbering or other work (including an examination as mentioned in subsection (2)) that is being carried out for the purpose of compliance with subsections (1) and (2), if appropriate precautions are taken to ensure his or her safety as far as circumstances permit; and

the requirement in subsection (2) as to a special examination once in every 7 days shall not apply until the work has been in progress for a period of 5 working days (whether continuous or not).

No excavation work that is likely to reduce, so as to endanger any person employed, the security or stability of any part of any building or structure, whether temporary or permanent, shall be begun or continued unless adequate steps are taken before and during the progress of the work to prevent danger to any person employed from collapse of the building or structure or the fall of any part of it.

Timbering used to retain or support any part of an excavation work shall be of good construction, sound material and adequate strength for the purpose for which it is used.

If any timbering used to retain or support any part of an excavation work is liable to inward movement at the bottom and bracing or strutting at the bottom is not practicable, the timbering shall be adequately strutted or braced at a higher level so as to prevent such movement.

All struts, braces and walings in any excavation work shall be properly and adequately secured so as to prevent their accidental displacement or fall.

Safe means of access shall be provided to every place where persons are employed in an excavation work.

If there is reason to apprehend danger to persons employed in any excavation work due to rising water or from an irruption of water or material, there shall be provided means to enable every person to reach a position of safety.

If persons are employed in a shift and other persons are working above them, there shall be provided as early as is reasonably practicable an effective diaphragm to prevent the firstmentioned persons from being struck by tools or other objects falling from the place where the other persons are working.

The doors in the diaphragms shall be as small as practicable, shall open upwards and shall be kept closed except when necessarily open for the passage of persons and gear.

Every accessible part of an excavation work into which a person is liable to fall a distance of more than 6 feet shall be provided with a suitable barrier to a height of at least 3 feet and as close as is reasonably practicable to the edge.

However, subsection (12) shall not apply to any part of an excavation work while (and to the extent to which) the absence of the barrier is necessary for the access of persons or for the movement of plant, gear, or materials or while (and to the extent to which) it has not yet been practicable to erect the barrier since the formation of that part of the excavation work.

Material shall not be placed or stacked near the edge of any excavation work so as to endanger persons employed below.

No load shall be placed or moved near the edge of any excavation work where it is likely to cause a collapse of the side of the excavation work and thereby endanger any person.

Division 7.2 Cofferdams and caissons

96 .

Every cofferdam or caisson and every part of it shall be of good construction, sound material, and adequate strength and shall be properly maintained.

A cofferdam or caisson shall if necessary be specially secured in position so as to prevent movement in a way dangerous to persons employed.

The bracings and ties of every cofferdam or caisson shall be properly and adequately secured to prevent their accidental displacement or fall.

The person in charge of the work of constructing, placing in position, substantially adding to, altering, or dismantling a cofferdam or caisson, and as far as possible every worker employed for any such work, shall possess adequate experience of this kind of work.

All material for the construction or fixing of a cofferdam or caisson shall be inspected on each occasion before being taken into use for such a purpose, and material that is unsuitable or defective in any respect shall not be so used.

Safe means of access shall be provided to every place where persons are employed in a cofferdam or caisson.

Adequate means for persons to reach places of safety shall be provided in every cofferdam or caisson in case of an inrush of water.

Division 7.3 Trenches

97 .

All trenches of over 8 feet in length and 5 feet or more in depth in hard compact ground shall be braced at intervals not exceeding 6 feet with 6 inches by 11/4 inches hardwood runners or heavier material, placed vertically in the trench opposite each other against the trench walls.

The runners shall, if possible, extend to the bottom of the trench, otherwise as low as possible to clear the top of the pipe, sewer, conduit, or other material to be placed in the bottom of the trench.

Runners shall be supported by walings placed horizontally and held in position by screw-jacks or by struts.

Side and end walings abutting at the corners of excavations shall be joined by halving one to the other so that each waling will sustain its correct proportion of any external load imposed on them.

The cross-sectional dimensions of hardwood walings shall be not less than 6 inches by 3 inches.

Walings of other materials or timbers shall be at least of equivalent strength to hardwood walings.

Walings shall be spaced at not more than 3 feet apart measured vertically from centre to centre of walings.

Struts or screw-jacks shall be spaced at not more than 6 feet apart except at the joints of walings where they must be closer.

The cross-sectional dimensions of struts relative to the width of a trench shall be not less than is shown in table 97

Table 97

The timbering of trenches shall proceed as the work of excavation progresses.

If a mechanical digger is used the timbering shall be kept as close as practicable to the digger but the length of untimbered trench shall not exceed 10 feet, measured from the lower edge of the digger jib.

Trenches in saturated, filled, or otherwise unstable ground (other than of the nature of wet running sand) shall be close timbered.

The cross-sectional dimensions of the runners shall be not less than 6 inches by 11/4 inches for hardwood timber runners.

The cross-sectional dimensions for hardwood timber walings shall be not less than 6 inches by 3 inches and they shall be spaced as required by subsection (7).

Struts shall be of the cross-sectional dimensions prescribed by subsection (9).

If running material, as wet running sand, is encountered runners shall be kept 1/2 an inch apart and the spaces thus formed shall be caulked with straw or other suitable material.

If practicable straw, grass, bags, or other suitable material shall be packed behind the runners.

Walings and struts shall be of the materials and cross-sectional dimensions and shall be placed as prescribed, respectively, by subsections (5) to (7) and subsections (8) and (9).

An inspector, should the inspector considers it necessary, may order heavier timbering than that prescribed by this section.

Excavated material shall not be placed nearer than 1 foot to the edge of a trench.

For a trench in running material, provided circumstances permit, no material shall be placed nearer than 3 feet to the edge of the trench.

All trenches 5 feet or more in depth shall be supplied with 1 ladder for each 200 feet of trench or fraction of it, which ladder shall extend from the bottom of the trench to at least 3 feet 6 inches above the top.

Division 7.4 Shafts, wells and tunnels

98 .

Every shaft and well shall be securely cased, lined or otherwise made safe.

Every drive and tunnel shall be securely protected and made safe for persons employed in it.

All entrances between the bottom of every shaft and the poppet head pulley wheel shall be securely fenced, including any entrances from an elevated platform.

Any fence or cover may be temporarily removed, to facilitate the work that is in progress, if proper precautions are taken.

If a fence or cover has been removed from any shaft entrance to allow work to proceed, 2 horizontal bars shall be fixed across the entrance not less than 2 feet nor more than 4 feet from the floor.

If access to workings is by way of a shaft and the shaft is also used for haulage purposes, the shaft shall be divided into 2 compartments, one to be used for a ladder way the other for haulage purposes.

The ladder way compartment must be securely fenced from the haulage compartment.

In addition to any mechanical means of ingress and egress, every shaft shall have at least 1 proper ladder or footway communicating from the surface to the workings.

A ladder permanently used in a shaft for the ascent and descent of persons shall not be fixed in a vertical or overhanging position, except in shafts used exclusively for pumping, and every such ladder shall be inclined at the most convenient angle that the space in which the ladder is fixed allows.

Every ladder-shaft shall have substantial platforms fixed at intervals of not more than 20 feet.

Part 8 Safeguards and measures to be taken for securing the safety and health of persons engaged in compressed air work

Division 8.1 Diving

99 .

Age limits

No person under 20 years old or over 55 years old shall dive, and no person shall employ any such person to dive except that the upper age limit of 55 years old may be exceeded for divers with special qualifications who after special medical examination have been certified by a medical officer as being fit to continue to dive after having reached the upper age limit.

Instruction

No diver and no attendant shall engage or be employed in a diving operation unless the person has received such instruction in the work that the person is capable of carrying out his or her duties safely.

This instruction shall be such that it will impart a full working knowledge of the safe use of signals, compression and decompression tables, diving dress with its ancillary fittings and gear, of air pumps, pressure gauges and depth gauges.

Appointment of medical officers

A legally qualified doctor shall be appointed to carry out the duties prescribed by this section as being the duties of a medical officer.

The chief inspector shall be notified in writing of the name and address of the medical officer so appointed.

Preliminary medical examinations

No person shall dive or be employed to dive unless on or after such date the person has been examined by an appointed medical officer, and has been certified by the medical officer as being fit to work in compressed air.

The examination shall include an X-ray examination of the chest.

The medical officer’s report shall be kept and produced to an inspector on demand.

Supervision of health during diving work

It shall be the duty of the medical officer to inform each diver at the time of a preliminary medical examination that any attack of ‘bends’ (pains in the joints and limbs or abdomen), giddiness, vomiting or difficulty in breathing, disease of the heart, lungs, kidneys, genital organs, a chill, or any other disease that may come on the person during or after work may have the most serious consequences to his or her health and the person shall be instructed that immediately on noticing any such indisposition the person must report it to the medical officer, or to a medical orderly, or failing either, to the contractor or a responsible representative of the contractor.

The symptoms and treatment of compressed air illness as set out in schedule 9 shall be exhibited in a conspicuous position in the divers’ change room.

A contractor shall not allow any person—

known to be suffering from bends, cold in the head, sore throat, or any other illness or disease; or

under the influence of intoxicating liquor;

to be employed under water as a diver.

If divers are employed continuously in diving operations they shall be medically re-examined regularly at the following intervals:

a working at depths less than 60 feet—every 6 months;

b working at depths between 60 feet and 90 feet—every 3 months;

c working at depths in excess of 90 feet—every 4 weeks,

and unless so re-examined and found fit as mentioned in this section no person shall dive or be employed to dive.

A diver who has been absent from work due to illness of any kind for more than 7 days, or has been absent from work due to any other cause, except for recreation, for a period of more than 3 weeks shall not dive or be employed to dive without first producing a certificate of fitness from the medical officer.

No person shall dive or be employed to dive after 12 months or any lesser period that the medical officer may determine, has elapsed from the date of the last X-ray examination of his or her chest.

Compressed air workers’ badge

It shall be the duty of a contractor to supply to every diver in the contractor’s employ a compressed air worker’s badge.

It shall be the duty of every diver at all times to wear a compressed air worker’s badge.

A compressed air worker’s badge shall be made of non-corrodible metal and shall be arranged to be worn either in a coat lapel or suspended by a chain or cord placed around the neck.

The badge shall be in the form of a disc, 11/4 inches in diameter and not less than 1/16 of an inch in thickness.

The face shall bear the following inscription, arranged in the following way:

Safe diving periods

Except in case of emergency, no person shall dive or be employed to dive under water in any period of 24 hours for longer than the total times and periods corresponding to the depth of dive set out in table 99.1:

Table 99.1 Safe diving periods for varying depths*

* Safe diving period means the time spent within any period of 24 hours from the beginning of the first descent to the beginning of the last ascent.

If, in the case of emergency, it is necessary for a diver to remain under water at a depth of 66 feet or over for a period of time exceeding the limits set out in table 99.1, the decompression of the diver shall be regulated in the way set out in schedule 7, table 7.1.

When a diver is brought to the surface with stoppages in accordance with schedule 7, table 7.1, the diver shall not dive or be employed to dive again within 12 hours except in case of grave emergency.

Should it be necessary for a diver to descend a 2nd time to a depth of 66 feet or over with an interval of less than 4 hours between the 2 descents, the following method of calculating the stoppages required shall be observed:

read from schedule 7, table 7.2 the stoppages for the 2nd dive and from schedule 7, table 7.1, the stoppages required for a dive of duration equal to that of the 2 dives combined; and

divide the number of stoppages by 2 for those at the greater depth check the diver for the periods shown for the 2nd dive, and for the remainder check the diver for the periods shown for the combined dive, and should there be an odd number of stoppages the greater number shall be used for the dive as combined.

The tables shall be interpreted to give the diver the maximum time in the minimum depth of water.

Stoppages at 20 feet and 10 feet are the most beneficial to the diver.

Decompression

When the prescribed limits of time under water have not been exceeded, the stoppages in ascending shall be as shown in schedule 7, table 7.2.

The stoppage points shall be determined by the attendant who shall be guided by the depth gauge readings after making due allowance for gauge error.

The diver shall not be brought up from the bottom to the first stopping place at a rate faster than 1 foot in 1 second, and his or her ascent shall be at once checked if this rate is exceeded.

While the diver is ascending, the diver must undertake as much gymnastic exercise as possible, especially using those muscles that were in use on the bottom.

Air supply

The minimum quantity of air supplied to divers at various depths shall be as set out in table 99.2, except that during the descent the pump shall be operated at the maximum revolutions or the air supply shall be considerably increased:

Table 99.2 Quantity of air required by a diver at various depths

* These figures are based on a double-acting pump with cylinder diameter 4 inches, stroke 71/2 inches, working at 80%, efficiency.

† Handworked pumps are unsuitable at a depth of 180 feet and over.

Not more than 1 diver shall be supplied from each air line.

Air Pipe

The air pipe shall be constructed of alternate layers of rubber and canvas and shall be reinforced with steel wire.

The piping shall have been tested by the manufacturer and shall withstand a test pressure of 200 pounds per square inch without showing any appreciable increase in diameter.

The manufacturer shall provide a certificate of test for each length of pipe manufactured.

A length of about 50 feet of floating air hose may be attached to the diver’s helmet to keep weight off the diver.

No person shall dive or be employed to dive under water unless—

a sufficient number of suitable and competent persons are also employed in attendance on the diver, so as to ensure his or her safety; and

there is provided and used suitable and sufficient diving equipment consisting of helmets, corselets, waterproof dresses to completely enclose a diver’s body, and warm clothing; and

such equipment to include at least 1 diving helmet and dress with its necessary equipment and warm clothing in excess of the number of divers under water at any one time; and

sufficient and suitable diving plant and equipment, including air pumps, pressure gauges and means of access to and from the water are provided and properly maintained.

Care and testing of equipment—hand pumps

Pumps shall be maintained in an efficient condition and shall be capable of delivering the necessary quantity of air against pressure for at least 2 divers.

Particular care shall be given to the condition of the leather piston cups and piston rod glands to prevent leakage.

Pump delivery shall be measured at least every 3 months and at shorter intervals if the pump has not been performing satisfactorily.

The pump cylinder walls and pistons shall be lubricated only with olive oil or neatsfoot oil.

Standby pumps where provided and when not in use shall be turned for a period of 5 minutes at least once in every week.

Care and testing of equipment—gauges

Gauges shall be calibrated by a method approved by the chief inspector at least every 3 months or at shorter intervals if error is suspected.

The gauge error, as determined by test, shall be tabulated and a copy of the tabulation shall be displayed inside the pump lid.

Care and testing of equipment—inlet valves

Inlet valves of helmets in use shall be tested at least once in every 3 months at a pressure of not less than 15 pounds per square inch.

The springs shall be examined on every occasion before use and at least once in every day while the helmets are in use.

Care and testing of equipment—air pipes

Air pipes shall be tested at least once a month and immediately before each descent to a pressure equivalent to 25% greater than that at the greatest depth at which a diver is likely to work.

The air pipe shall be lashed to ring bolts on the pump chest to relieve the connection of the air pipe to the pump nozzle of any undue load from the weight of the air pipe.

The connection shall be inspected at frequent intervals.

All air pipe connections shall be effectively lashed to prevent inadvertent disconnection.

Care and testing of equipment—ropes and lines

Breast ropes, shot ropes and distance lines shall be of tarred hemp or other approved material.

Ropes shall be carefully handled and shall not be sharply bent.

Care and testing of equipment—dress and equipment

All diving dress and equipment on the works shall be kept when not in use in a substantially constructed room or locker, and such room or locker shall not be used for the storage of any other gear, tools, or equipment used on the works.

Care and testing of equipment—general

Air pipes, valves, cocks, corselets, helmets, diving dresses, gauges, ropes, lanyards, and all other apparatus shall be maintained in an efficient condition, cleaned with fresh water after use, drained and dried before being stored in the room or locker provided for the purpose.

Particular care shall be taken to ensure that air pipes and diving dresses are kept free from condensed moisture and from contact with grease, oil or tar.

Material for dress repairs shall be provided and made available on the site of the works.

Warm clothing

Separate sets of warm clothing, woollens or flannels, shall be provided for each diver.

A diver shall not be required to wear clothing previously worn by another diver unless the clothing has been first thoroughly washed and disinfected.

Diving dress previously worn

A diver shall not be required to wear a diving dress previously worn by another person unless the inner surfaces of the dress have been first thoroughly washed with hot water and soap and dried in the sun.

Distance line

A diver working on muddy or dangerous ground shall use a distance line firmly attached to the shot rope about 3 feet above the sinker.

Power driven compressor units—high pressure air supply

A supply of air at high pressure may be drawn for the use of divers from either the works compressor or a compressor supplying divers equipment only.

Power driven compressor units—compressor

The compressor shall be capable of delivering air at the required pressure and at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of all divers, machines, tools and other compressed air equipment supplied from it.

The compressor shall be of such construction that overheating does not take place, and the lubricant used shall be odourless and shall produce a minimum amount of noxious fumes if overheating should inadvertently take place.

Provision shall be made at the compressor to prevent undue pressure building up if the delivery pipe from the compressor becomes blocked in any way.

This provision shall take the form of a safety valve on the air chest of the compressor or on the delivery pipe as it leaves the compressor.

If the air is supplied by a compressor of such construction, size, or arrangement that, in the event of a breakdown of the power unit, it cannot be instantly worked by hand, the following equipment connected in the order set down in this section shall be used in conjunction with the compressor.

First, a main air receiver of sufficient capacity shall be connected to supply the maximum number of divers with sufficient air to bring them to the surface in reasonable time in the event of a breakdown of the compressor power unit.

The pressure maintained in this receiver shall be much higher than that corresponding to the depths of water where the divers are working.

Every such air receiver shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the Standards Australia, Boiler Code.

Second, an efficient non-return inlet valve shall be connected on the receiver to prevent back flow of air for failure of the delivery pipe or its fittings.

Third, a subsidiary air receiver fitted with a spring loaded type safety valve shall be connected.

Forth, an approved type of pressure-reducing valve fitted in the pipe line between the main air receiver and the subsidiary air receiver shall be connected.

Fifth, an air filter of approved type shall be connected in the pipe line between the subsidiary air receiver and the air control panel.

Sixth, an air control panel of robust construction equipped with an air-distributing arrangement of throttle valves, depth gauges and subsidiary receiver pressure gauge, controlling the air supply to the divers shall be connected.

The throttle valves shall be of the slow acting needle valve type, fitted with graduated dial and pointer and only 1 diver shall be supplied from each such valve.

The air control panel shall be connected to the air filters by suitable flexible hose and each such hose shall be so supported that undue strain is not imposed on the air filter or air control panel connectors.

Seventh, emergency air connections and stop valves on the diver’s side of each throttle valve on the air control panel shall be connected.

Eighth, a manual pump or other reliable source of air supply shall be connected and shall remain connected throughout diving operations.

The fittings and equipment mentioned in subsections (66) to (77) shall be constructed, used and maintained in accordance with the Standards Australia Code for Work in Compressed Air, Part II—Diving, as at 1 July 1950.

The control of the air supply shall be in charge of a competent attendant whose duties shall be restricted to the operation of the control panel and attendance on not more than 1 diver.

When several divers are operating from the 1 air control panel, each diver shall have a separate attendant.

Ladders

Ladders for divers shall be capable of supporting a safe working load of 4 hundredweights on any one rung.

Signalling system

No person shall dive or be employed to dive under water unless—

arrangements are made for a suitable signalling system between the diver and persons on the surface; and

the diver and all persons in attendance on the diver are conversant with the signalling system.

Meals

A diver who is to work under water at a depth of over 30 feet shall not have a meal within 1/2 an hour of beginning to dive and the last meal before diving should only be a light one.

Dressing and sending down diver

The diver shall be dressed by the following routine method:

air pipe and breast rope connected to helmet;

telephone tested (if used);

diver dressed in woollens;

diving dress and shoulder pads put on;

corselet placed on diver, care being taken to clear the inner collar of creases and with number marked on the corselet corresponding with the helmet number;

jock strap, if used;

boots, with buckles outward, drawn on, and lanyards if used, to be well secured above the boots around the suit;

helmet, without front glass, to be secured in position;

air pipe and breast rope to be secured respectively to the left and right side of the body;

belt, with knife (if used) attached and hanging at left side, to be secured in position;

pump to be turned to enable diver to check air pipe connections;

diver to be placed on ladder and breast rope hitched to the ladder;

weights to be placed in position, back one first;

helmet front glass to be screwed in position, but before doing so care is to be taken that the diver clearly understands all instructions relating to the work the diver is to undertake.

When the source of air supply is a power-driven compressor, the following precautions, additional to those mentioned in subsection (84), shall be taken:

before the helmet is secured in position, the attendant shall test the air lines and valves through their full range;

if the diver suspects the presence of fumes or other impurities in the air supply—the diver shall report the matter to the contractor or his or her representative.

Undressing Diver

A suitable room, shed, screen or cover shall be provided for the use of a diver when undressing.

Procedure, the reverse of that required by subsections (84) and (85), shall be adopted in undressing a diver.

Each diver should do further light exercise after undressing.

Attendants

Each diver, while under water, shall have an attendant to hold the breast rope and air pipe.

A sufficient number of other workers, if warranted, shall be stationed to see that the breast rope and air pipe pay out clear and also to coil down the rope and pipe when required.

When a diver is working at depths greater than 100 feet, an additional worker shall be available, if warranted, to watch the air pipe.

Every breast rope and air pipe shall be held clear of the gunwale and shall be kept moderately taut but care shall be taken not to have them so taut as to inconvenience the diver.

The attendant shall maintain such control of the breast rope as to prevent the diver accidentally falling from staging or from rocks.

Each attendant shall give his or her whole attention to his or her charge from the time the diver steps onto the ladder until the diver returns to the surface.

The diver shall keep a close watch on the depth gauge to note changes in depth.

Records

The times of a diver’s descent and ascent shall be taken by an accurate timepiece and recorded, as also shall be all changes of depth and gauge readings when a diver is working at depths greater than 16 fathoms.

All records shall be carefully preserved and made available to an inspector as and when required by the inspector.

General Precautions

The symptoms and treatment of compressed air illness as set out in the schedule 9 shall be kept exhibited in a conspicuous position on the works.

A diver who has been blown up shall be sent down again to the original depth, but care shall be exercised that the diver has a firm hold of the shot rope or that the attendants have taken in the slack of the breast rope and air pipe, before the valve is opened to allow the diver to descend.

Special care shall be taken to prevent a diver, who is working under a large flat surface, being blown up.

If the diver is inadvertently blown up, provision shall be made for the diver to be cleared without risk of injury.

When an additional pump is to be connected by means of a four-way connection, the additional pump shall be operated against the shut cock until the gauge shows the same pressure as the other pump delivering air for the diver, before the cock may be opened.

When a pump is to be disconnected with the diver down, the cock on that pump connection shall first be shut.

The air pipes serving 2 divers shall on no account be joined up to the same junction.

If 1 hand pump is used to serve 2 divers, each diver’s air supply shall be independently controlled by a suitable air-distributing valve.

This section shall apply to any diving operation that is a compressed air work within the meaning of the Act.

Division 8.2 Tunnelling

100 .

This section shall apply to any tunnelling operation that is a compressed air work within the meaning of the Act.

Age limits

No person shall work or be employed in tunnelling—

at pressures up to 30 pounds per square inch if the person is over 50 years old; or

at pressures over 30 pounds per square inch if the person is over 45 years old.

No person under 20 years old shall work or be employed in tunnelling work in compressed air.

However, in exceptional circumstances the medical officer may set aside the age limits in individual cases.

Appointment of medical officers

A legally qualified doctor shall be appointed to carry out the duties that are prescribed by this section as being the duties of a medical officer.

The chief inspector shall be notified in writing of the name and address of the medical officer immediately after he or she is appointed.

Appointment of medical officers—medical orderly

When the working pressure exceeds 25 pounds per square inch an experienced medical orderly shall be constantly in attendance for the purpose of recompressing any person who shows symptoms of compressed air illness, and for the purpose of attending to minor injuries.

The medical orderly shall be a person approved by the medical officer and, preferably, shall be the holder of a St. John Ambulance certificate or equivalent qualification.

The medical orderly may work on other duties provided these are such that he or she will be readily available for medical orderly duties when required.

No person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air unless on or after the date the person has been examined by an appointed medical officer, and has been certified by the officer as being fit to work in compressed air.

The examination shall include an X-ray examination of the chest.

The medical officer’s report shall be kept and produced to an inspector on demand.

Supervision of health during work

It shall be the duty of the medical officer to inform each person at the time of a preliminary medical examination that any attack of ‘bends’ (pains in the joints and limbs or abdomen), giddiness, vomiting or difficulty in breathing, disease of the heart, lungs, kidneys, genital organs, a chill, or any other disease that may come on the person during or after work may have the most serious consequences to his or her health and the person shall be instructed that immediately on noticing any such indisposition the person must report it to the medical officer, or to a medical orderly, or failing either, to the contractor or a responsible representative of the contractor.

The symptoms and treatment of compressed air illness as mentioned in schedule 9 shall be exhibited in a conspicuous position in the workers’s change room.

A contractor shall not allow any person—

known to be suffering from bends, cold in the head, sore throat, or any other illness or disease, or

under the influence of intoxicating liquor;

to enter any compressed air chamber.

Persons employed continuously in compressed air shall be medically re-examined regularly at the following intervals:

at pressures not exceeding 25 pounds per square inch—every 6 months;

at pressures exceeding 25 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 35 pounds per square inch—every 3 months;

at pressures exceeding 35 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 45 pounds per square inch—every 6 weeks;

at pressures exceeding 45 pounds per square inch—every 4 weeks.

Unless so re-examined and found fit as mentioned in this section no person shall work, or be employed to work in compressed air.

Any employee who has been absent from work for more than 7 days owing to illness of any kind, or who has been absent from work due to any other cause, except for recreation, for a period of more than 3 weeks shall not work or be employed to work in compressed air without first producing a certificate of fitness from the medical officer.

No person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air after 12 months, or any lesser period that the medical officer may determine, has elapsed.

Every person not accustomed to work in compressed air shall be tested to the working pressure obtaining at his or her place of work by being subjected to the pressure in the medical or airlock.

If the employee shows serious symptoms after test, or after the first 2 full working periods, the employee shall not work in compressed air.

Compressed air workers’ badge

It shall be the duty of a contractor employing persons to work in compressed air to supply to every such person a compressed air workers’ badge.

It shall be the duty of every person employed or working in compressed air to, at all times, wear a compressed air workers’ badge.

Every compressed air workers’ badge shall be manufactured and used in the way mentioned in section 99 (17) to (19).

Safe working periods—general

Except in case of emergency, no person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air for longer in any period of 24 hours than the period corresponding to the pressure in which the work is carried out as set out in table 100:

Table 100

Provided that—

the 8 hour and 6 hour working periods each include a meal break of 1/2 an hour; and

the 8 hour working period includes times required for compression and decompression, but the other working periods shown in the table do not include times for those purposes nor time occupied in changing shifts.

Safe working periods—observation period

After decompression from pressures between 25 and 40 pounds per square inch, all persons shall be detained for observation for 45 minutes before leaving the site of the work.

This period of detention shall be increased to 1 hour after decompression from pressures between 40 and 60 pounds per square inch.

Compression

During compression, the pressure shall be increased gradually and uniformly to ensure that no person is distressed.

The rate of compression shall not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute.

Decompression

Decompression shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of schedule 7, table 7.3.

However, at pressures lower than 18 pounds per square inch, decompression shall be conducted at a rate that will not inconvenience any person, but shall not be completed in less than 5 minutes.

A copy of schedule 7, table 7.3 shall be posted in the man-lock.

Airlock attendants

Every airlock shall be serviced only by a reliable, and specially trained and selected person.

The airlock attendant, if without previous experience of either working in or controlling airlocks, shall be specially trained.

The airlock attendant shall at no time operate more than 1 man‑lock.

The airlock attendant shall remain outside the lock near the entrance, and shall not be employed for more than 8 hours in any 24 hours.

Written instructions about the gauge pressure in the working chamber and compression and decompression times shall be given to each airlock attendant.

A copy of the instructions shall be suitably exhibited in a conspicuous position near the man-lock.

Airlock records

A record of workers employed in compressed air shall be kept.

This record shall show for each employee the period of stay in the working chamber, the gauge pressure and the time taken for decompression.

When the working pressure exceeds 20 pounds per square inch, automatic recording instruments shall be installed to record the pressure in the working chamber and in the man-locks, and these records shall be carefully kept.

All the records shall be made available to an inspector on demand at all reasonable times.

Man-lock—size

Each bulkhead shall be provided with 1 operating man-lock and 1 emergency man-lock, each of sufficient size to hold at any one time the entire force of workers engaged in any 2 successive shifts, with a minimum of 3 square feet of floor space per worker.

Man-lock—access

The door between the man-lock and the working chamber shall remain open except during compression and decompression and during the procedure of passing material through the lock.

In tunnels of large diameter the emergency man-lock shall be near the roof and within the protection of the safety curtain, with proper access to it from both inside and outside.

In tunnels of small diameter if it is not practicable to provide an emergency man-lock near the roof, the emergency chamber with safety door shall be at the end of the operating man-lock nearer the working face, and shall be of the same size as the operating man‑lock.

The safety door shall never be closed while there is any person in the working chamber.

Except in an emergency, the workers shall be prohibited from emerging through the material locks, or, when the material lock and the man-lock are one and the same, the material lock valves shall not be used when workers are in the lock.

Man-lock—fittings

Every lock in which persons are compressed or are decompressed shall be fitted with a suitable instrument panel on which shall be mounted the necessary pressure gauges in duplicate, an accurate timepiece and a copy of schedule 7, table 7.3.

The instrument panel shall be adequately illuminated.

The man-lock shall have valves both inside and outside the lock.

The valves to which the airlock attendant has not access shall be covered with a case, the door of which is locked and has a glass panel that may be broken in case of emergency so as to permit the valves to be operated.

Except in case of emergency, valves shall only be operated by the airlock attendant.

Medical lock

A medical lock at least 5 feet in diameter shall be provided when work is being carried out at a pressure of 25 pounds per square inch or over.

Should any case of compressed air illness occur when the working pressure is less than 25 pounds per square inch, it may be dealt with in the man-lock.

The medical lock shall have 2 compartments, so that entry may be obtained to the inner chamber while it is under pressure.

The lock shall be adequately ventilated, protected from the direct rays of the sun or adequately heated if required, and shall be adequately lighted.

The lock and its equipment shall be kept in a clean state.

The lock shall be provided with suitable equipment including a couch not less than 6 feet in length, clean blankets, dry woollen garments, a food lock and a telephone.

The medical lock shall be located within the immediate vicinity of the works and arrangements shall be made to ensure that the lock is ready for operation during the 12 hours after the end of any shift.

The medical lock shall be equipped with a small, glazed aperture so that a patient under treatment in the lock can be kept under observation by the attendant from outside the lock.

It shall be provided with a pressure gauge and an accurate timepiece for each compartment.

The timepiece and the pressure gauge for the main compartment shall be in a position that they can be readily seen by the attendant whether the attendant is inside or outside the lock.

Additional bulkhead

Wherever the gauge pressure in the working chamber exceeds 30 pounds per square inch, a 2nd bulkhead with airlocks shall be provided after the tunnel has been constructed for a reasonable distance.

The working pressure in the outer section shall be maintained at approximately 1/2 of the absolute pressure in the working chamber.

Communication

The working chamber and the airlock shall be in telephonic communication at all times with the airlock attendant, who shall also be provided with telephonic or other satisfactory means of communicating with the contractor or his or her representative on the works.

The contractor shall depute a representative to be at all times available for communication with the airlock attendant.

In the event of telephone failure, signals shall be transmitted by tapping.

A suitable code of signals shall be formulated on the job and a copy of this code shall be posted inside and outside the man-lock.

Overhead gangway

In all tunnels 16 feet and over in diameter or height, an overhead gangway shall be provided from the working face to the nearest airlock.

An overhead clearance of 6 feet shall be maintained unless otherwise approved.

Safety curtains

Safety curtains shall be provided in all tunnels if there is the possibility of a ‘blow’ causing an inrush of water or material being excavated.

The safety curtain shall at no time be distant more than 200 feet from the working face.

Fire precautions

If danger of fire exists, a fire hose at least 50 feet in length with a suitable nozzle connected, shall be provided on both sides of the tunnel bulkhead.

Water lines shall extend into the tunnel with a hose connection every 200 feet, and this system shall be maintained ready for use at all times.

Lighting

All lighting in compressed air chambers shall be by electricity only, except in cases of emergency.

One worker in the airlock shall be provided with an electric pocket lamp, and candles and damp-proof matches shall be provided in the working chamber and in each man-lock.

All portable incandescent lamps shall be guarded by a wire cage large enough to enclose both lamp and socket.

The lamps shall be constructed in accordance with the Standards Australia, Approval and Test Specification No C. 118, Electric Hand Lamps.

Electric installation—voltage

The voltage used for electric lighting circuits between the last bulkhead and the working face shall not exceed 32V for alternating current and 50V for direct current.

Electric installation—wiring

Except as otherwise provided in this regulation, all wiring for light and power circuits shall comply with the requirements of the S.A.A. Wiring Rules, for damp or hazardous locations.

Air supply

A minimum of 25 cubic feet of clean, fresh air shall be supplied each minute to each worker in the working chamber, and a minimum of 10 cubic feet per minute to each worker in the man‑lock.

In the event of any reduction of the air pressure below a point to be specified from time to time by the engineer in charge of the work, the airlock attendant shall notify the workers in the working chamber, and preparations shall be made immediately for their withdrawal from the working chamber.

Free air intake

The free air intake shall be so situatedd as to ensure an ample supply of clean, fresh air.

The utmost care shall be taken to avoid contamination of the air by fumes from the exhausts of compression ignition or internal‑combustion engines and from all other sources.

Purification and refrigeration of compressed air

An approved oil separator shall be used between the compressor and the air receiver and an air filter of approved type shall be installed between the air receiver and the working chamber.

The air shall be cooled after compression, if necessary, so that the temperature in the working chamber does not exceed 80° Fahrenheit when measured with a dry bulb thermometer.

Compressed air plant

If the air compressor, used for supplying air under pressure for the purposes of compressed air work in tunnelling is driven by electric power, stand-by compressor plant shall be provided and shall be of such capacity that, in the event of failure of the electrically-driven units, at least 50% of the air supply may be maintained.

With other than electrically-powered compressors not more than 50% of the compressor units shall be driven from any 1 power unit and, if practicable, the power units shall be interchangeable.

Air lines and fittings

Each air line shall be equipped with the following fittings connected in the order shown:

an air receiver of such capacity as to be capable of delivering at least 2 000 cubic feet of air to the working chamber at normal working pressure, for the purpose of reserve storage in the event of failure of the compressor plant;

a stop valve;

a pressure-reducing valve located close to the man-lock;

a non-return valve located close to the man-lock.

The air supply shall be through duplicate air lines between the air receiver and the working chamber.

An adjustable safety valve shall be fitted on the outside of the bulkhead to a separate pipe leading from the working chamber through the bulkhead to the outside air.

Testing of equipment

All locks and air receivers shall be subjected to test and inspection in accordance with the provisions of the Australian Standard Rules for the Design, Construction, Inspection and Operation of Boilers and Unfired Pressure Vessels and their Appurtenances published by Standards Australia, as revised in May, 1942.

Pressure gauges shall be installed and tested in accordance with the relevant provisions of the rules mentioned in subsection (94).

Change rooms

Without prejudice to the requirements of part 10 (which among other things relates to the provision of certain accommodation for the health of persons), there shall be provided and maintained for the use of persons employed in compressed air work in tunnelling—

properly heated, lighted and ventilated change rooms and drying rooms; and

bathing accommodation, namely, 1 shower equipped with running hot and cold water for every 8 men employed on the same shift and 1 for every 8 women employed on the same shift, and 1 for any number less than 8 such men or women, as the case requires; and

suitable and adequate earth or water closets at the rate of 1 closet for every 10 men employed on the same shift and 1 for every 10 women employed on the same shift, and 1 for any number less than 10 such men or women, as the case requires.

Information to be posted in change room

A copy of the following information shall be posted in the change room for the information and instruction of persons employed in compressed air work in tunnelling:

subsections (13) to (21) and (98) to (100); and

schedule 9; and

the name, address, and telephone number of the medical officer.

Prohibition of smoking and intoxicating liquor

No person shall smoke in the man-lock or in the working chamber.

No person shall carry on his or her person any smoking materials while in the man-lock or in the working chamber but shall leave all such materials in the change room.

No intoxicating liquor shall be brought into the vicinity of the working chamber, provided that the carrying of alcoholic spirits or other stimulants into such places for medical purposes may be approved by the medical officer.

Copy of pt 8 to be available

A copy of this part shall be kept at the works office and shall be available to every person on the works who is engaged in the compressed air work.

Division 8.3 Caissons

101 .

Age limits

No person shall work or be employed in compressed air work in caissons—

at pressures up to 30 pounds per square inch if the person is over 50 years old; or

at pressures over 30 pounds per square inch if the person is over 45 years old.

No person under 20 years old shall work or be employed in compressed air work in caissons.

However, in exceptional circumstances the medical officer may set aside the age limits in individual cases.

Appointment of medical officers

A legally qualified doctor shall be appointed to carry out the duties prescribed by this regulation as the duties of a medical officer.

The chief inspector shall be notified in writing of the name and address of the medical officer so appointed.

Medical orderly

When the working pressure exceeds 25 pounds per square inch, an experienced medical orderly shall be constantly in attendance for the purpose of recompressing any worker who shows symptoms of compressed air illness and for attending to minor injuries.

The medical orderly shall be a person approved by the medical officer and the orderly shall be the holder of a St. John Ambulance certificate or equivalent qualifications.

The medical orderly may work on other duties provided these are such that the medical orderly will be readily available for medical orderly duties when required.

Preliminary medical examination

No person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air unless on or after such date the person has been examined by an appointed medical officer, and has been certified by the officer as being fit to work in compressed air.

The examination shall include an X-ray examination of the chest.

The medical officer’s report shall be kept and produced to an inspector on demand.

Supervision of health during compressed air work in caissons—advice to employees

It shall be the duty of the medical officer to inform each person at the time of a preliminary medical examination that any attack of ‘bends’ (pains in the joints and limbs or abdomen), giddiness, vomiting or difficulty in breathing, disease of the heart, lungs, kidneys, genital organs, a chill, or any other malady that may come on the person during or after work in a caisson, may have the most serious consequences to his or her health, and the person shall be instructed that immediately on noticing any such indisposition the person must report it to the medical officer, or to a medical orderly, or failing either, to the contractor or to a responsible representative of the contractor.

The symptoms and treatment of compressed air illness as set out in schedule 9 shall be exhibited in a conspicuous position in the workers’s change room.

Supervision of health during compressed air work in caissons—entry prohibited

A contractor shall not allow any person—

known to be suffering from bends, cold in the head, sore throat, or any other illness or disease, or

under the influence of intoxicating liquor,

to be employed in compressed air work in a caisson.

Supervision of health during compressed air work in caissons—periodical medical examination

If persons work continuously in compressed air in caissons they shall be re-examined regularly at the following intervals:

for pressures not exceeding 25 pounds per square inch—every 6 months;

for pressures above 25 pounds and not exceeding 35 pounds per square inch—every 3 months;

for pressures above 35 pounds and not exceeding 45 pounds per square inch—every 6 weeks;

for pressures above 45 pounds per square inch—every 4 weeks.

Unless so re-examined and found fit as mentioned in this section, no person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air.

Examination after absence

An employee who has been absent from work in compressed air in caissons, due to illness of any kind for a period of more than 7 days, or who has been absent from such work due to any other cause, except for recreation, for a period of more than 3 weeks shall not work or be employed to work in compressed air without first producing a certificate of fitness from the medical officer.

New employees

Every person who is not accustomed to work in compressed air shall be tested to the working pressure in the medical or airlock.

If any person shows serious symptoms after test, or after the first 2 full working periods, the person shall not work in compressed air.

X‑ray examination

No person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air after 12 months, or any less a period that the medical officer may determine, has elapsed from the date of the last X-ray examination of his or her chest.

Compressed air worker’s badge

It shall be the duty of a contractor to supply to every person engaged in compressed air work in caissons in his or her employ a compressed air worker’s badge.

It shall be the duty of every person engaged in compressed air work in caissons at all times to wear a compressed air worker’s badge.

A compressed air worker’s badge shall be made of non-corrodible metal and shall be arranged to be worn either in a coat lapel or suspended by a chain or cord placed round the neck.

Every badge shall be manufactured in accordance with the provisions of section 99 (18) and (19)

Working periods—general

Except in case of emergency, no person shall work or be employed to work in compressed air for longer in any period of 24 hours, than the period corresponding to the pressure in which the work is carried out as set out in table 101.

Table 101

Provided that—

the 8 hour and 6 hour working periods each include a meal break of 1/2 an hour; and

the 8 hour working period includes times required for compression and decompression, but the other working periods shown in table 101 do not include times for those purposes nor time occupied in changing shifts.

Observation period

After decompression from pressures between 25 and 40 pounds per square inch, all persons shall be kept for observation for 45 minutes before leaving the site of the work.

This period of detention shall be increased to 1 hour after decompression from pressures between 40 and 60 pounds per square inch.

Compression

During compression the pressure shall be increased gradually and uniformly to ensure that no person is distressed.

The rate of compression shall not exceed 5 pounds per square inch per minute.

Decompression

Decompression shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of schedule 7, table 7.3, provided that at pressures lower than 18 pounds per square inch decompression shall be conducted at a rate that will not inconvenience any person, but shall not be completed in less than 5 minutes.

A copy of schedule 7, table 7.3, shall be posted in the man-lock.

Airlock Attendants

Every airlock shall be served only by a reliable, and specially trained and selected person.

The airlock attendant, if without previous experience of either working in or controlling airlocks, shall be specially trained.

The airlock attendant shall at no time operate more than 1 man‑lock.

The airlock attendant shall remain outside the lock near the entrance, and shall not be employed for more than 8 hours in any 24 hours.

Airlock records

A record of workers employed in compressed air shall be kept.

This record shall show for each employee the period of stay in the working chamber, the gauge pressure and the time taken for decompression.

Man-lock—size

The chambers serving for compression and decompression shall be of such dimensions that the space available to each person using the chambers at any time shall be at least equal to 16 cubic feet with a minimum floor space of 3 square feet per person.

Man-lock—access

The door between the man-lock and the working chamber shall remain open except during compression and decompression and during the procedure of passing material through the lock.

A ladder conforming to the requirements of this regulation shall be available for access to and from the working chambers.

Man-lock—fittings

Every lock in which persons are compressed or decompressed shall be fitted with a suitable instrument panel on which shall be mounted the necessary pressure gauges in duplicate, an accurate timepiece, and decompression tables or charts.

The instrument panel shall be adequately lighted.

The man-lock shall be fitted with valves both inside and outside the lock.

The valves to which the airlock attendant has no access shall be sealed in a box provided with a glass panel that can be broken to permit the use of the valves in case of emergency.

Except in cases of emergency valves shall be operated only by the airlock attendant.

Regulation of temperature in airlock

The temperature in every airlock shall be regulated as required by heating or by protection against loss of heat, or by protection against the direct rays of the sun by means of a covering that can be sprayed with water.

Communication

The working chamber and the airlock shall be in telephonic communication at all times with the airlock attendant, who shall also be provided with telephonic or other satisfactory means of communicating with the contractor or his or her representative on the works.

The contractor shall depute a representative to be at all times available for communication with the airlock attendant.

In the event of telephone failure, signals shall be transmitted by tapping.

A suitable code of signals shall be formulated on the job and a copy of this code shall be posted inside and outside the man-lock.

Height of working chamber

The height of the working chamber, measured between the roof and the lower cutting edge, shall be at least 8 feet.

Medical lock

A medical lock at least 5 feet in diameter shall be provided when work is being carried out at a pressure of 25 pounds per square inch or over.

Should any case of compressed air illness occur when the working pressure is less than 25 pounds per square inch it may be dealt with in the man-lock.

The medical lock shall have 2 compartments, so that entry may be obtained to the inner chamber while it is under pressure.

The medical lock shall be adequately ventilated, protected from the direct rays of the sun or adequately heated if required, and it shall be adequately lighted.

The lock and its equipment shall be kept in a clean state.

The medical lock shall be provided with suitable equipment, including a couch not less than 6 feet in length, clean blankets, dry woollen garments, a food lock and a telephone.

The medical lock shall be located within the immediate vicinity of the works and arrangements shall be made to ensure that the lock is ready for operation during the 12 hours after the end of any shift.

The medical lock shall be equipped with a small glazed aperture so that a patient under treatment in the lock can be kept under observation by the attendant from outside the lock.

It shall be provided with a pressure gauge and an accurate timepiece for each compartment.

The timepiece and pressure gauge for the main compartment shall be in such a position that they can be readily seen by the attendant whether the attendant is inside or outside the lock.

Lighting

All lighting in compressed air chambers shall be by electricity only, except in case of emergency.

One man in an airlock shall be provided with an electric pocket lamp, and candles and damp-proof matches shall be provided in the working chamber and in each airlock.

All portable incandescent lamps shall be guarded by a wire cage large enough to enclose both lamp and socket.

The lamps shall be constructed in accordance with the provisions of Standards Australia, Approval and Test Specification No C. 118, entitled Electric Hand-Lamps.

Electric installation—voltage

The voltage used for electrical apparatus and lights in compressed air chambers shall not exceed 32V for alternating current supply and 50V for direct current supply.

Electric installation—wiring

Except as otherwise provided in this regulation, all wiring for light and power circuits shall comply with the requirements of the Standards Australia Wiring Rules for damp or hazardous locations.

Air supply

A minimum of 25 cubic feet of clean fresh air shall be supplied per minute to each worker in the working chamber, and a minimum of 10 cubic feet per minute to each worker in the man-lock.

In the event of a failure of the air supply exceeding 5 minutes in duration, all workers shall be withdrawn from the working chamber.

Free air intake

The free air intake shall be so situatedd as to ensure an ample supply of clean, fresh air.

Care shall be taken to avoid contamination of the air by fumes from the exhausts of compression ignition and internal-combustion engines and from all other sources.

Purification and refrigeration of compressed air

An approved oil separator shall be used between the compressor and the air receiver and an approved air filter shall be placed between the air receiver and the working chamber.

The air shall be cooled after compression, if necessary, to ensure that the temperature in the working chamber does not exceed 80° Fahrenheit when measured with a dry bulb thermometer.

Compressed air plant

If the air compressor, used for supplying air under pressure for the purposes of compressed air work in caissons is driven by electric power, stand-by compressor plant shall be provided and shall be of the capacity that in the event of failure of the electrically-driven units at least 50% of the air supply may be maintained.

With other than electrically-powered compressors not more than 50% of the compressor units shall be driven from any 1 power unit and, if practicable, the power units shall be interchangeable.

Air lines and fittings

Each air line shall be equipped with the following fittings connected in the following order:

an air receiver of such capacity as to be capable of delivering at least 50 cubic feet of air to the working chamber at normal working pressure, for the purpose of reserve storage in the event of failure of the compressor plant;

a stop valve;

a pressure-reducing valve located close to the man-lock;

a non-return valve located close to the man-lock.

The air supply shall be through duplicate air lines between the air receiver and the working chamber.

An adjustable safety valve shall be fitted on the outside of the airlock, exhausting to the outside air.

Testing of equipment—general

All airlocks, shafts and air receivers shall be subjected to test in accordance with the provisions of the Australian Standard Rules recommended for the Design, Construction, Inspection and Operation of Boilers and Unfired Pressure Vessels and their Appurtenances published by Standards Australia as revised in May, 1942.

Testing of equipment—pressure gauges

Pressure gauges shall be installed and tested in accordance with the relevant provisions of the rules mentioned in subsection (80).

Change rooms

Without prejudice to the requirements of part 10 (which among other things relates to the provision of certain accommodation for the health of persons) there shall be provided and maintained for the use of persons employed in compressed air work in caissons—

properly heated, lighted and ventilated change rooms and drying rooms; and

bathing accommodation, namely 1 shower equipped with running hot and cold water for every 8 men employed on the same shift and 1 for every 8 women employed on the same shift, and 1 for any number less than 8 such men or women, as the case requires; and

suitable and adequate earth or water closets at the rate of 1 closet for every 10 men employed on the same shift and 1 for every 10 women employed on the same shift, and 1 for any number less than 10 such men or women, as the case requires.

Information to be posted in change room

A copy of the following information shall be posted in the change room for the information and instruction of persons engaged in compressed air work in caissons:

schedule 9, concerning the Symptoms and Treatment of Compressed Air Illness;

section 101 (12) to (17);

the name, address and telephone number of the medical officer.

Prohibition of smoking and intoxicating liquor

No person shall smoke in a man-lock or working chamber.

No person shall carry smoking materials into a man-lock or into a working chamber.

All such smoking materials shall be left in the change room.

No person shall bring any intoxicating liquor into the vicinity of the working chamber, provided that the carrying of alcoholic spirits or other stimulants into such places for medical purposes may be approved by the medical officer.

Regulation to be available

A copy of this section shall be kept on the works so as to be easily accessible to all persons who are responsible for giving effect to its provisions.

This section shall apply to compressed air work in caissons, being a compressed air work within the meaning of the Act.

Part 9A Explosive-powered tools—safety measures

Application and interpretation

118A .

This part shall apply to and in relation to the use of explosive‑powered tools in building work, excavation work and compressed air work.

In this part:

explosive-powered tool means a tool by which a projectile may be driven against, into or through any substance by means of an explosive, and includes every attachment to and accessory of the tool and every device used or adopted or intended to be used with it.

projectile means stud, pin, dowel screw, rivet, spike or other object driven against, into or through any substance by means of an explosive-powered tool, or adapted or intended to be so driven.

qualified operator means a person who—

is over 18 years old; and

has been thoroughly trained in the correct use, adjustment, assembly and taking apart of explosive-powered tools; and

has been fully instructed about the dangers associated with explosive-powered tools and the precautions to be taken in relation to them; and

has a thorough knowledge of this part.

tool means explosive-powered tool.

work means building work, excavation work or compressed air work.

For this part, a person shall be deemed to use an explosive-powered tool if the person loads, unloads or fires, or attempts to load, unload or fire, the tool.

Operators of explosive-powered tools

118B .

Operators to be qualified

No person who is not a qualified operator shall use a tool in any work.

No person shall employ, instruct or allow any person to use a tool in any work without first ensuring by proper inquiry that the person is a qualified operator and is not because of any infirmity, disability or incapacity unfit to use the tool.

Training of operators

Nothing in subsection (1) or (2) shall apply to the use of any explosive-powered tool by a person who, under the immediate supervision and control of a qualified operator, is being trained to be a qualified operator.

General requirements for explosive-powered tools and projectiles

118C .

No person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out any work shall directly or by his or her servants or agents—

use in that work any tool unless—

the tool has been approved; and

there is permanently engraved or embossed on the metal of the tool a clearly legible notice as follows: ‘Do Not Remove Tool From Work Surface For At Least 10 Seconds If Tool Fails To Fire’; and

there is permanently engraved or embossed on the metal of the tool a clearly legible serial number by which it can be readily identified; and

there is permanently attached to the tool at its muzzle end a protective shield or device designed to arrest the ricochet of projectiles and the free flight of other objects and particles liberated by the firing of the tool; and

use in that work, in a tool, any projectile that is not capable of undergoing the following test without cracking or breaking:

smooth shanked projectiles shall be bent through an angle of 60°;

knurled shanked projectiles shall be bent through an angle of 30°.

The test shall be carried out by bending the shank of the projectile about a pin of a diameter equal to that of the shank of the projectile under test.

The test shall be made by applying a continuous steady load to the projectile until the required deformation has been reached.

Inspection and repair of explosive-powered tools

118D .

Interpretation

In this section:

authorised person means—

a maker of tools or a person authorised by the maker to repair tools; or

a gunsmith; or

a competent person in the employment of a person referred to in paragraph (a) or (b).

defect means any defect that might impair or affect the safe and normal operation of a tool.

repair means repair, modify, alter or adjust or attempt to repair, modify, alter or adjust; but a qualified operator or a person who under the immediate supervision and control of a qualified operator is being trained to be a qualified operator shall not be deemed to repair a tool only because of his or her making or attempting to make any minor adjustments to it that are incidental to its ordinary operation.

Inspection

The person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out any building work—

shall cause each tool used in the work—

to be carefully inspected for defects on each day when it is so used, before it is so used; and

after each 7 days use and before it is again used in any work, to be dismantled and thoroughly examined for defects; and

shall not directly or by his or her servants or agents use in the work a tool that—

has not been inspected and examined as prescribed by paragraph (a); or

has any defect that has been or should have been revealed on the inspection or examination.

No person shall, knowing that a tool has any defect, use the tool in any work.

Repair

No person other than an authorised person shall, knowing that a tool is being used or is intended to be used in work, repair the tool.

No person shall—

knowing that a tool is being used or is intended to be used in work, employ, instruct or allow any person other than an authorised person to repair the tool; or

knowing that a tool has been repaired by a person other than an authorised person, use the tool in any work or employ, instruct or allow any person to use the tool in any work, unless it has since been overhauled by an authorised person.

Use of explosive-powered tools

118E .

General

No person shall use in any work, or employ, instruct or allow any person to use in any work, any tool or other substance or thing contrary to this section, or without the measures and precautions prescribed by this section being taken.

Limitation of use—hard substances

No tool shall be used on high tensile steel, steel hardened by heat treatment, cast iron or other unusually hard or unyielding substance.

In subsection (2):

high tensile steel means steel the nominal ultimate tensile value of which exceeds 45 tons per square inch.

Readily shattered substances

No tool shall be used on hard tile, hard terracotta, glazed brick, glass, marble, granite, thin slate or other readily shattered substance.

Use near edges and holes

No tool shall be used to drive a projectile into any substance—

at a point so close to an edge of the substance or to any hole in it that, because of the nature of the substance, the size and shape of the projectile or the strength of the charge to be used, there is any appreciable risk that the substance might crack or break or the projectile fly from it; or

if the substance is steel—within 1/2 an inch of an edge of it; or

if the substance is brick, concrete or the like—within 3 inches of an edge of it.

Explosive or dangerous atmosphere

No tool shall be used in the presence of an explosive or inflammable gas, dust or vapour, or in compressed air, or in any place where the explosive charge might be exploded or rendered dangerous by heat.

Strength of explosive charges

Every reasonable precaution, including if advisable the making of suitable tests, shall be taken to ensure that the explosive charge used in a tool—

is of no greater strength than is necessary for the purpose for which the tool is being used; and

is not of such strength that the whole of the projectile might pass through the substance on which the tool is being used, unless the substance is backed by protective material capable of fully absorbing the energy of the projectile.

Use of barrel extensions

If the muzzle end of the barrel of a tool cannot be brought into contact with any surface at the point where the projectile driven from the tool is to strike or penetrate the surface, an effective barrel extension shall be used to extend the barrel into contact with the surface at that point.

The length of the barrel extension shall not exceed by more than 1/2 an inch the maximum length that is required to clear the obstruction that renders the use of the barrel extension necessary.

Care in handling of tools

Every person while using a tool or carrying or handling a loaded tool shall at all times—

keep all parts of his or her body clear of the open end of the barrel of the tool and keep the end pointed away from himself or herself and all other persons; and

exercise the utmost care to avoid injury to himself or herself and others.

Firing of tools

No person shall fire a tool unless—

the person is in a safe, well-balanced position so that inadvertent tilting or misalignment of the tool at the time of firing will not occur; and

the person is holding the tool perpendicular to the surface on which the person is using the tool and so that the muzzle end of its barrel or barrel extension is in contact with that surface.

Mechanical failure

If when any person attempts to use a tool on any surface the tool fails to fire, the person shall continue to hold it perpendicular to and in contact with the surface for at least 10 seconds, and if the tool has not then fired the person shall unload it or place it in such a position that it will do no harm if it fires.

Removing foreign matter

A person using a tool shall, after each firing, carefully examine it and remove from it all pieces of projectile or cartridge and other foreign matter that may be present.

Flying projectiles

No person shall intentionally fire a tool in such a way as to cause the projectile to fly free.

Use of suitable equipment

There shall not be used in or with any tool any projectile, explosive charge, breech plug, barrel extension or adaptor that is not of a type correctly suited to the particular tool and to the purpose for which the tool is being used.

No tool shall be used for a purpose for which it is not properly adapted.

Manufacturer’s recommendations

If there appears on the container of any tool or in any printed matter supplied with any tool any instruction, advice or recommendation, not inconsistent with this regulation, about the safe use of the tool or the use with it, for reasons of safety, of any substance or thing, the tool, substance or thing shall be used in accordance with the instruction, advice or recommendation.

Subsection (17) does not require the use of any particular brand or make of any substance or thing.

Care and storage of explosive-powered tools and cartridges

118F .

Container for tools

The person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out any work in which any explosive-powered tool is used shall keep or cause to be kept each such tool, at all times when it is not required to be removed for use, inspection, repair or other necessary purpose, in the container supplied by the maker of the tool or in an equally suitable container.

No person shall take or keep any explosive-powered tool out of its container unless the tool is for the time being required for use, inspection, repair or other necessary purpose.

Safekeeping of tools

No person shall leave unattended on the site of any work, or any cartridge intended for use in a tool, unless effective precautions are taken to ensure that it will not be taken away, handled or used by unauthorised persons.

Loaded tools

No person shall, elsewhere than at the place where the tool is to be used, load any tool for use in any work.

No person shall in the course of any work carry or transport a loaded tool from place to place, unless because of mechanical failure the tool cannot be unloaded.

Cartridges

The person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out any work in which a tool is used shall ensure that the cartridges for all such tools are kept in a metal container or metal containers, and shall ensure that each such container—

is kept clearly marked with the word ‘Explosive’; and

is kept locked at all times except when cartridges are being placed in it or removed from it; and

is not, while it is on the site of the work, opened except by a person using a tool or assisting in the use of a tool; and

contains nothing except cartridges.

Protective devices

118G .

The contractor shall provide, for the use of each person employed by the contractor in any work who in the work uses or assists in the use of an explosive-powered tool, an effective device of an approved type for the protection of the eyes of the person from missiles and flying particles.

The device so provided for the use of any person shall not be one that has been used by any other person, unless it is of metal, plastic or other non-absorbent material and has been thoroughly cleaned.

No person for whose use such a device has been provided in accordance with this section shall in the work use or assist in the use of any tool unless the person is using that device.

Warning notices

118H .

At all times when an explosive-powered tool is being used in any work, the person who directly or by his or her servants or agents is carrying out that work shall cause to be displayed on the site of the work, so as to be clearly legible by all persons who are at or near the place where the tool is being used, a notice or notices as follows:

‘Warning—Explosive-Powered Tool In Use’.

Part 10 Measures to be taken for securing the health of persons in building work, excavation work and compressed air work by provision of first-aid equipment, shelter, change and dining accommodation, sanitary conveniences and washing facilities

Division 10.1 First-aid equipment

119 .

On every building work, excavation work or compressed air work where not more than 25 persons are employed, there shall be provided a first-aid chest that shall be equipped and maintained to contain at least the following requisites and appliances, unless otherwise approved:

On every building work, excavation work or compressed air work where more than 25 and not more than 100 persons are employed, there shall be provided a first-aid chest that shall be equipped and maintained to contain at least the following requisites and appliances unless otherwise approved:

On every building work, excavation work or compressed air work where more than 100 persons are employed there shall be provided a first-aid chest that shall be equipped and maintained to contain at least the following requisites and appliances unless otherwise approved:

First-aid chests provided for this section may be constructed of wood or metal, but each chest so provided and constructed shall be dustproof, fitted with a lock and key, and shall be distinctively marked with a white cross on a green ground.

First-aid chests shall properly accommodate their contents.

Nothing except requisites or appliances for first-aid shall be kept in the first-aid chest, which shall always be readily accessible.

If not more than 100 persons are employed, the first-aid chest shall be fitted with a carrying handle and so constructed and maintained that it can be easily carried from job to job.

The first-aid chest shall normally be kept in the change room.

If more than 100 persons are employed, a first-aid post shall be provided in a room set aside for the purpose and equipped with facilities for washing and for boiling water, and with a couch, blankets, a portable stretcher and also a first-aid chest as previously detailed.

Each first-aid chest and first-aid post shall be placed under the charge of a responsible person or persons, who or 1 of whom shall always be readily available during working hours.

The person or persons shall, if practicable, be the holder of a St. John’s Ambulance Medallion with current label.

A notice shall be prominently attached in every change room and first-aid post where the first-aid chest is normally kept.

This notice shall clearly state the name or names of the person or persons in charge of the first-aid chest.

Division 10.2 Shelter, change and dining accommodation

120 .

In this section:

work means building work, compressed air work or excavation work.

General—accommodation to be provided

Immediately on beginning a work, suitable and adequate accommodation where persons employed can keep their clothes and personal belongings safe from damage and theft, eat their meals and shelter from the weather, shall be provided on the site.

General—shelter shed on small works

On works where less than 10 workers are employed at any one time a small shed of such dimensions as to provide not less than 10 square feet of floor area per person will meet the requirements of subsection (2).

This shed may also be used for the storage of the workers’s tools but shall not be used for the storage of building material.

When part of a building in course of construction has been made weatherproof and secure it may be made available to employees for the purposes of this section.

On works where more than 10 workers are employed at any one time a shed or sheds shall be provided exclusively for the use of the workers.

Each shed or sheds shall be of such dimensions as to provide in the aggregate not less than 10 square feet of floor area for every worker employed on the work at any one time.

Any one shed shall not be used for the accommodation of more than 50 persons.

All sheds shall be absolutely weatherproof, soundly constructed with a sufficient number of openable windows, shall be floored and shall be adequately ventilated and lighted.

Every shed shall be kept clean and brooms, mops, buckets and cleaning compounds shall be provided for the purpose.

Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—hat and coat hooks

Hat and coat hooks spaced not less than 18 inches apart for hanging clothes shall be provided in each change shed.

Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—seating accommodation

Seating accommodation shall be provided in each change shed for the use of workers when changing boots and when sheltering from the rain.

A bench not less than 16 inches wide and of such length as to provide not less than 18 inches for each worker will meet the requirements of subsection (12).

Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—heating

In wet or cold weather reasonable heating facilities, such as a portable coke stove with flue exhausting outside the shed, a kerosene heater, or electric radiator, shall be provided in every shelter and change shed for warmth and for drying clothes.

Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—safekeeping of employees’ tool kits

Provision for the safekeeping of employees’ tool kits when employees are not on the work shall be made.

On works where less than 10 workers are employed at any one time this may be achieved by means of substantially constructed locked chests in the supervisor’s office or by provision of suitable accommodation in the change shed.

On works where more than 10 workers are employed at any one time special storerooms equipped with racks shall be provided.

Dining facilities—tables and seating

Adequate table and seating accommodation, in the proportion of not less than 22 inches run for each employee for use at meal period shall be provided in the change shed, or in a separate shed, provided that the accommodation need be provided only in relation to employees remaining on the site during meal period.

Dining facilities—storage of food

Hygienic provision, such as a fly-proof ventilated cupboard fitted with shelves, shall be provided for storing employees’ food.

Dining facilities—supply of boiling water

An ample supply of boiling water for tea making and for washing utensils shall be provided.

Dining facilities— provision of garbage tins

Garbage tins that are both rat-proof and fly-proof shall be provided and they shall be emptied each day.

Dining facilities—drinking water

An adequate supply of clean, cool and wholesome drinking water shall be provided on the site.

Division 10.3 Sanitary conveniences and washing facilities

121 .

Meaning of work

In this section:

work means, building work, excavation work, or compressed air work.

Number to be provided

One closet shall be provided on every work where not more than 10 men employed at the one time and 1 for every 10 women employed at the one time, and 1 for any number less than 10 such men or women, as the case requires.

Location

The closet accommodation shall be located so as to be readily accessible from the place where men or women are working, but shall be far enough removed to avoid nuisance.

Construction

All closets shall be soundly constructed and roofed with weatherproof material.

The floor of each closet shall be well drained and constructed of concrete, bricks and cement or of other approved material that shall be impervious to water.

Every closet shall be well lighted by natural or artificial light and shall be well ventilated.

Each closet shall have a hinged door capable of being fastened both on the inside and on the outside.

Closets to be kept clean

Closets shall be maintained in a clean condition.

Washing facilities—number of basins

One wash basin shall be provided on every work where not more than 20 persons are employed at the one time, and 1 additional wash basin for each additional 20 persons or part of 20 persons so employed.

Washing facilities—location

Washing facilities shall be located under cover and conveniently close to the change shed.

Washing facilities—water supply

Clean cold and hot water and soap shall be provided on every work.

Cold water shall be readily available in sufficient quantities from a cock close to the wash basins.

Hot water may be supplied from the same source as that used for tea making.

Washing facilities—drainage

Drainage shall be provided for the disposal of waste water.

Washing facilities—duckboards

Duckboards shall be provided underfoot if necessary or desirable.

Washing facilities—washing facilities to be kept clean

Washing facilities shall be kept clean.

Part 11 Basic requirements about design and construction, erection, use, maintenance, inspection and testing with particular reference to cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffolding and plant

122 .

Every crane, lift, hoist, plant, scaffolding, and all gear shall be so designed, constructed and maintained that after taking into full account the magnitude, incidence, conditions, and way of all loadings and forces, the proportioning of each member, component, part and attachment of it or to it is such that the maximum stress imposed or developed in it is less than 75% of the minimum stress liable by repetition or otherwise to impair its elastic properties.

Every member, component, part and attachment shall be robust and so proportioned that it functions without excessive elastic action, deflection, vibration, movement, or distortion and without undue or untimely deterioration.

Subsections (1) and (2) shall not be construed as allowing any greater stress or deflection, or any less provision in relation to wind loads, sideloads or dynamic effects than may be more specifically prescribed in this regulation.

Unless more specifically prescribed elsewhere in this regulation, the minimum stress liable by repetition or otherwise to impair the elastic properties of a material shall be deemed equal to the least of the following stresses:

the 1/10 of 1% proof stress for such material when tested in a way productive of the same type and character of stress as that under consideration (namely, tensile, compressive or shearing stress); or

the stress applied as an average stress by an approved authority during endurance tests, plus 1/2 of the endurance range, coincident to it, as determined by the authority on a 10 million cycle basis, provided that the stress thus determined is of the same type and character as that under consideration (namely, transverse, tensile, compressive or shearing stress) and that, unless the chief inspector specifically approves otherwise, the average stress shall be assumed to be zero.

If it can be estimated with reasonable certainty that the stress cannot be imposed or developed in whole or in part more than 2 million times during the working life of the material, the stress prescribed by subsection (4) (b) may be disregarded.

If a material is subject to solely transverse or torsional stress (or both), and if the 1/10 of 1% proof stress is less than 1/2 of the endurance range mentioned in subsection (4), the stress prescribed by subsection (4) (a) may be disregarded.

For the purpose of estimating the numbers of stress repetitions to which any member, component, part or attachment of any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear is liable, the working life of the crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear shall, unless the chief inspector otherwise approves, be deemed to be at least 80 thousand hours.

Except as may be otherwise prescribed in this regulation—

every crane or hoist and the parts of it and all gear shall be classified numerically in conformity with the following table, according to its working period, effective load and the dynamic effects to which it is subjected taking into consideration all of the circumstances and conditions under which it is to work and to which it is to be exposed, as also all of the functions it is to perform, and, in the event of uncertainty or dispute, the classification may be determined by the chief inspector; and

every scaffolding shall be deemed to be within classification 3, except that the timbers of it may be deemed within classification 2; and

every lift and every hoist used for raising or lowering workers shall be deemed to be within classification 4; and

for the purpose of determining stresses in timbers, cranes and hoists and their supporting structures, they shall be deemed to be within classification 1 if indoor, and classification 2 if outdoor; and

no person shall cause or effect any change in the circumstances or conditions under which any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear is to work, or to which it is to be exposed, or in the functions it is to perform, unless after the change the classification of the crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant, or gear would on reconsideration remain unaltered or revert to a numerically lower order; and

no person shall use a crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant, or gear after such change unless the classification of it would on reconsideration remain unaltered or revert to a numerically lower order; and

nothing in this subsection shall prevent any person from designing, constructing, erecting or using a crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant, or gear of greater safety, strength, and stability than that prescribed in this subsection.

Table 122.1 Classification of cranes and hoists and gear for purposes of design, construction and use

In applying table 122.1 the following subsections apply.

The working period of any crane, hoist, or gear shall be considered to be short if it operates or may reasonably be expected to operate for less than 500 hours per annum, or long if it operates or may reasonably be expected to operate for more than 500 hours per annum.

The effective load of any crane, hoist or gear shall be considered to be low unless it lifts or may reasonably be expected to lift loads greater than 2/3 of its safe working load on more than 1 000 occasions per annum.

The effective load shall otherwise be considered to be high.

Dynamic effects may be considered low if the speed of travelling of both crab and crane or hoist are each less than 300 feet per minute, or 400 feet per minute if the active surfaces of the respective track rails are uninterrupted by gaps or joints.

Dynamic effects shall be considered high if the crane, hoist or gear or any part or motion of it is used for any purpose, or in any way likely to produce greater shock effects than those caused by travelling on steel track rails at the speeds mentioned in subsection (13).

Dynamic effects may be considered low for mobile cranes or mobile hoists having well-sprung road wheels and travelling at moderate speeds on surfaces not less regular than closely laid decking of sawn timber.

Road wheels having approved pneumatic balloon tyres of the ‘off‑the-road’ type may be considered equivalent to well-sprung road wheels.

Dynamic effects shall be considered high for other mobile cranes or mobile hoists.

Reference should also be made to examples given in table 122.2 and table 122.3, in determining the classification of a crane or hoist, or gear, or part of it.

If any single crane or hoist travelling in relation to its supporting structure, does not cause the major loadings to recur principally on portions only of the supporting structure, the structure if supporting a crane or hoist within classifications 2, 3 or 4, may be deemed to be within the next lower classification to that of the crane or hoist.

However, this shall not apply to supporting structures constructed of timber.

Table 122.2 is for reference in classifying crane and hoist frame and supporting structures in the respective groups shown in table 122.1.

Table 122.2

* Refer also to s 143 in relation to chains, s 144 in relation to steel wire ropes, and s 147 to s 153 and s 155 in relation to terminal fittings.

Table 122.3 is for reference in classifying crane and hoist mechanisms in the respective groups prescribed in section 122 (8).

If not listed in table 122.3, the mechanism should have the same classification as the crane frame structure.

Table 122.3

Every crane and every hoist shall have constantly maintained on it a permanent notice, prominently and legibly exhibiting all of the safe working loads of the crane or hoist, together with the information about the conditions, incidence and way in which the loads may be lifted or handled as is necessary or desirable for the safe use or manipulation of the crane or hoist.

The loads, conditions, incidences and ways shall be those determined by and in conformity with this regulation as limiting values of the loads, conditions, incidences and ways of loadings.

No other load or conditions of loading shall be marked or exhibited on the crane or hoist, unless first approved by the chief inspector.

No person shall subject, or instruct, allow, or permit any person to subject any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear to a greater load, or more adverse incidence or way or condition of loading than that determined by and in conformity with this regulation as a limiting load, incidence or way or condition of loading.

However, subsection (27) does not prevent the crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear being tested in the presence of an inspector, in the way that the chief inspector may direct.

No person shall procure, incite, advocate, enjoin or counsel the subjection of a crane or lift or hoist or scaffolding to a greater load or more adverse incidence or condition or way of loading than that mentioned in this section or than has been directed by an inspector.

No person shall represent a crane or lift or hoist or scaffolding to be capable of lifting or handling a greater load or of sustaining a more adverse incidence or condition or way of loading than that mentioned in this section or than has been directed by an inspector.

The presence of any load in a position into which it has apparently been placed by a crane, lift or hoist shall constitute prima facie evidence that it has been lifted or handled and so placed by the crane, lift or hoist and that the crane, lift or hoist has been subjected to the load, and to whatever incidence and condition and way of loading is indicated by the position and nature of the load.

If a crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding has been overloaded by lifting or handling or attempting to lift or handle a load exceeding by more than 100% that determined by and in conformity with this regulation as a limiting load, incidence, way or condition of loading, the chief inspector may require the owner or the person in charge or apparently in charge of the crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding to immediately dismantle it in whole or in part and to clean it together with its mechanisms and gearings and to lay out the parts, members, mechanisms and gearings in a place and way convenient to the chief inspector in order that investigations may be made to ascertain if material damage has ensued.

If the chief inspector considers necessary, to assure the safety of the crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding, the chief inspector may require the owner, or the person in charge or apparently in charge of it to give the metallurgical or radiographic evidence that the chief inspector may direct.

No person shall effect or procure or cause to be effected, modifications, alterations, or repairs to or in connection with a crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear in such way or of such nature as to be conducive to conditions of hazard, uncertainty or danger.

No person shall effect or procure or cause to be effected modifications, renewals, alterations, changes or repairs of the following nature to or in connection with any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear without first having obtained the approval of the chief inspector:

peg, dovetail or weld a tooth or teeth to any gear wheel, ratchet or other toothed wheel or clutch;

repair any such wheel or clutch by welding or by mechanical means;

repair or rebuild shafts, spindles, pins or axles by welding;

weld together, members, components, parts or attachments metallurgically different from one another;

repair iron castings by welding or brazing;

subject to heat treatment any member, component, part or attachment without first establishing and recording the chemical and physical properties of it;

subject any member, component, part or attachment to any process of heat treatment that might reasonably be expected to affect it in a deleterious, uncertain or hazardous way;

reforge any forged or rolled or drawn metal member, component, part or attachment that has become noticeably bent, distorted or cracked;

renew, replace or substantially alter or interchange or exchange for another, any main structural member of a crane;

renew, replace or substantially alter or interchange or exchange for another the machinery, mechanism or gearing of any crane.

However, subsection (35) shall not apply if complete failure of the member, component, or part concerned would not be dangerous or conducive to danger to life or limb.

Every crane and every hoist shall have constantly maintained on it a permanent brand, plainly and legibly exhibiting the classification of the crane or hoist, determined as prescribed by this regulation, and the brand shall be stamped, engraved, or welded on the crane or hoist at its main driving station.

No person shall falsely brand any crane or hoist as mentioned in subsection (37), or alter or remove any brand except with the approval of the chief inspector.

Wind loads

123 .

If cranes or lifts or scaffolding are exposed either in whole or in part to wind loadings they shall have additional strength, stability, and fixity with which to resist the loadings.

Wind loadings shall be deemed to act normally to resistant surfaces, and to consist of a positive pressure on the windward and a negative pressure on the leeward side of the resistant structure or member.

The wind load acting on any resistant body shall be determined from the formula—

P = cp .

In subsection (3):

P means the force exerted in pounds per square foot of area of the body as projected on a vertical plane normal to the direction of the wind.

c means a coefficient selected table 123.1, and appropriate to the form and nature of the resistant body.

The value of p shall be 16 for bodies between ground level and a height of 60 feet above ground level, 22 for bodies between 60 and 300 feet above ground level, and 25 for bodies at greater heights; provided that water level shall, for floating cranes, floating hoist, or floating scaffolding, be deemed to be ground level.

If a resistant body is partially sheltered from wind by effective permanent protection, the chief inspector may determine and fix any lesser value for p that the chief inspector considers appropriate.

The value of p shall be taken at not less than 5 during that period in which an exposed crane or hoist or scaffolding is lifting or handling its safe working load, provided that if a crane or hoist is sheltered by its own supporting structure p shall, in relation to the supporting structure, take the value assigned in this section.

Table 123.1 Coefficient of resistance to wind as dependent on shape or form of resistant body or surface

The wind load acting normally to sloping surfaces, such as roofs of crane or hoist supporting structures, or roofs of cabins, or machinery houses of cranes or hoists shall be determined from the formula—

R = np.

In subsection (8):

R means the force exerted in pounds per square foot of sloping surface.

p has the value assigned by subsection (5).

n is a coefficient selected from table 123.2, and appropriate to the slope of the surface.

Table 123.2

The wind loads acting on curved roof surfaces shall be taken to be the same as for sloping roof surfaces of the same rise, and shall be assumed to act radially.

For sawtooth or other multi-span roofs if the windward bay of roofing effectively shelters succeeding bays the following reductions in wind loading may be made so that stability and fixity of the structure as a whole is affected:

on the bay adjoining the windward bay—50%;

on the next bay—75%;

on the remaining bays—87%.

All projections above the general roof level shall be considered fully exposed to wind.

If members are so disposed that a windward member shelters a leeward member from wind forces, the forces may be considered effective on only the windward member if—

the windward member being of solid web construction is not spaced at a distance greater than its own depth from the sheltered member, or

the windward member, being of perforated, open web or lattice construction, is not spaced at a greater distance than its own width from the sheltered member.

Parts of leeward members projecting beyond sheltering members as mentioned in subsection (13) shall be deemed fully exposed to wind force.

If the spacing of members is greater than, but not more than 3 times that mentioned in subsection (13) the wind resistant surface of the leeward member may be considered to be reduced by 40%, provided that parts of it projecting beyond sheltering members shall be deemed fully exposed to wind forces, and provided that the total reduction in surface does not exceed 1/2 of that of the windward member.

Horizontal forces (other than those due to wind)

124 .

Full allowance shall be made for all horizontal forces including those incidental to operation of the crane or hoist, or lift, or scaffolding.

The braking force at each braked wheel, arising from deceleration of the travelling or traversing motion of any crane or hoist or lift or scaffolding or relevant part of it shall be deemed equal to 1/7 of the greatest weight borne by the wheel.

It shall be considered to act at track-rail level.

Each live load shall be assumed to set up or cause incidentally a lateral horizontal force not less in magnitude than the greatest of the following:

5% of the live load; or

120 pounds; or

whatever more exact force may be determined by approved methods.

It shall not be necessary to increase the horizontal force so determined in the way otherwise provided by section 125, but the force shall be assumed to act simultaneously with the live load.

Full allowance shall be made for horizontal forces due to slewing, oscillating, reciprocating, or centrifugal actions, misalignments or settlements, heeling of supporting structure, or operation on sloping, irregular or soft surfaces.

The rate of deceleration of the slewing motions of derrick or jib cranes shall be deemed to be not less than 1 foot per second, per second, measured at the jibhead, irrespective of its position.

Dynamic and repealed loadings

125 .

To make allowance for frequently repeated loadings their variable magnitudes, and the effects of shocks, all internal forces or moments caused by live loads shall be increased in the ratio shown in table 125 or as may be in this section more specifically provided as appropriate to the classification of the crane, hoist, lift or scaffolding or part of it that is under consideration.

However, the following forces or moments need not be so increased:

those due to braking forces arising from decelerating travelling or traversing live loads;

those due to inertia and momentum of live loads if those due to wind together with those referred to in the paragraph (a) are so great that they govern the proportion of the member concerned;

those due to wind.

Table 125 Compensation ratio for live loads

Table 125 applies if more specific provision is not made in this section.

To make allowance for shocks caused by travelling or traversing movements of cranes or hoists or lifts or scaffolding, internal forces or moments caused by dead loads shall be increased by 10% if the track rails are interrupted by joints or gaps, and the speed of travel or traverse is 200 or less feet per minute, or 20% if the speed is exceeded.

If the track rails are not so interrupted, the internal forces or moments shall be increased by 10% if the speed is 300 or less feet per minute or 20% if the speed is exceeded.

Maximum permissible stresses

126 .

The stresses imposed or developed in any member, component, part, or attachment, of any crane, hoist, lift, scaffolding, plant or gear shall be computed and after inclusion of all relevant increases consequential to section 125 and the other sections as may be applicable shall not exceed the relevant and appropriate maximum prescribed by this regulation.

If the member, component, part or attachment is of timber, the stress imposed or developed in it shall not exceed the relevant and appropriate maximum shown in table 126.1, or any other stress that may be more specifically prescribed elsewhere in this regulation.

Table 126.1 Maximum permissible stresses for timbers

* Generally termed ‘horizontal shear’.

† Hardwood includes only Australian hardwoods of approximately the same strength and reliability as spotted gum.

Table 126.1 applies if more specific provision is not made in this regulation.

If the member, component, part or attachment is of any other material, the stress imposed or developed in it shall not exceed that prescribed by section 122 (4) to (23), and amplified in relation to certain commonly used materials by table 126.2:

Table 126.2 Physical properties of materials

* As determined by rotating bar test on 10 million cycle basis.

† As determined by reciprocating bar test on 10 million cycle basis.

‡ If approved by chief inspector.

If the stresses include those due to wind loads, they may exceed the maximum mentioned by 25% provided—

that the increase is solely due to wind loading; and

that the strength of the structure so determined will not be less than it would have been if wind loading had been disregarded.

If a mild steel member of H, T or I section is used as a beam or cantilever, the stress imposed or developed in the tension flange shall not exceed 12 tons per square inch.

The stress imposed or developed in the compression flange of a cantilever shall not exceed that prescribed for a beam of twice the length of the cantilever; each half length of the beam shall be assumed loaded with identical loading and incidence of loading to that on the cantilever.

The beam thus loaded will have a central reaction equal in magnitude to twice the algebraic sum of the loads on the cantilever, and the position of the point of application of this reaction shall determine whether the beam load is applied to the compression flange, or tension flange, or centroid of the beam section.

If the principal external loading is concentrated and is applied to the compression flange of a beam of the section, the stress imposed or developed in the flange shall not exceed the lesser of the following stresses:

144/10 tons per square inch, or

that determined by the formula tons per square inch.

In subsection (9):

b means the least breadth of the compression flange that can be measured within a distance of 1/4 of the span of the beam of the section at which the stress is determined.

d means the overall depth of the section of the beam at which the stress is determined, exclusive of any track rail laid on it.

l means the maximum length of compression flange that is not supported laterally by adequate external means.

t means the thickness of the compression flange measured as provided for flange thickness of Australian Standard Beam Sections by Australian Standard Specification No AI—1940, for structural steel.

If the compression and tension flanges of a beam are of different sections, or if the beam is of the single plate web girder type, the flange thickness t must be determined from the formula—

t = .

In subsection (11):

b—see subsection (10).

Iy means the moment of inertia of the cross-section of the beam about its minor rectilinear axis, provided that if the compression and tension flanges are of different section.

Iy must be taken as equal to twice the moment of inertia of the compression flange about the aforesaid axis, and provided that if the compression flange of an Australian Standard Beam Section is not compounded, t may be determined as prescribed in this section for the standard beam section.

Track rails need not be included when determining flange thicknesses, t.

If the principal external loading is concentrated and is applied at the centroid axis of the beam, the formula tons per square inch may be substituted for the formula stated in subsection (9) (b).

If the principal external loading is concentrated and is applied to the tension flange of the beam, the formula tons per square inch may be substituted for the formula stated in subsection (9) (b).

These maximum stresses are permissible only for beams or cantilevers of mild steel conforming to Australian Standard Specification No A.I—1940, ‘Rolled Steel Sections for Structural Purposes’.

For a beam or cantilever of the same type but of steel conforming to British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile Structural Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, or British Standard Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile (Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, the stress imposed or developed in the tension flange shall not exceed 15 tons per square inch, and in the compression flange of the beam, the lesser of the following stresses:

176/10 tons per square inch; or

that determined by the formula stated in subsection (9) (b) or the alternative provided in subsection (15) or (16).

If a member of H, T or I section is used as a beam and the principal external loading is applied to the compression flange, and if the loading is evenly distributed throughout the span of the beam and is greater in magnitude than any concentrated loading that may be simultaneously applied, the stress imposed or developed in the flange shall not exceed the lesser of the following stresses—

144/10 tons per square inch, or

that determined by the formula tons per square inch.

In subsection (19):

b—see subsection (10).

d—see subsection (10).

l—see subsection (10).

t—see subsection (10).

If the external loading is applied at the centroid axis of the beam, the formula tons per square inch may be substituted for that stated in subsection (19) (b), and if the loading is applied to the tension flange of the beam, the formula tons per square inch may be so substituted.

These maximum stresses are permissible only for beams or cantilevers of mild steel conforming to Australian Standard Specification No A.I.—1940, ‘Rolled Steel Sections for Structural Purposes’.

For a beam or cantilever of the same type, but of steel conforming to British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile Structural Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, or British Standard Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile (Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, the stress imposed or developed in the tension flange shall not exceed 15 tons per square inch, and in the compression flange of the beam, the lesser of the following stresses:

176/10 tons per square inch; or

that determined by the formula stated in subsection (19) (b) or the alternative provided in subsection (21).

The computed deflection of a steel beam in the direction of either the major or minor rectilinear axis of any cross-section shall not exceed 1/380 part of the span of the beam.

The computed deflection at the extremity of a steel cantilever shall not, when measured in the direction of either the major or minor rectilinear axis of any cross-section, exceed 1/190 part of the length of the cantilever.

For the purpose of computing the deflections, the modulus of elasticity of steel shall be deemed to be 13 000 tons per square inch.

In computing deflections it shall be necessary to increase the forces producing the deflections in the way provided by section 125.

Forces shall be considered to act simultaneously, and the horizontal forces referred to in section 124 shall be included.

The maximum vertical shearing stress in the webs of rolled steel joists, channels or plate-web girders of mild steel conforming to Australian Standard Specification No A.I—1940 ‘Rolled Steel Sections for Structural Purposes’ shall not exceed 6 tons per square inch.

If the members are of steel conforming to British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile Structural Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, or British Standard Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile (Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, the maximum vertical shearing stresses in the webs shall not exceed 71/4 tons per square inch.

The shearing stresses mentioned in subsections (29) and (30) are permissible only if the ratio—

does not exceed 83 for the mild steel or 75 for the high tensile steel members.

For the purposes of web-shearing computations the depth of web of a rolled steel joist or channel may be taken as the full depth of the joist or channel, and the depth of web of a plate girder may be taken as the depth of the girder, measured between the centroid axes of the respective compression and tension flanges.

If the ratios of depth to web thickness mentioned in subsection (31) are exceeded, the maximum vertical shearing stress shall not exceed that determined by the formula—

For subsection (33), the value of K shall be selected from table 126.3 in conformity with, and as appropriate to the ratio where d1 is the longer and d the lesser rectilinear dimensions of the panels into which the web is divided by effective stiffeners, measured in the vicinity of the stress assessed.

Table 126.3

If vertical shearing stresses are low and the depth of web is less than 132 times the web thickness for mild, or 120 times the web thickness for high tensile steels as mentioned in subsections (29) and (30), the following compressive stresses shall not be exceeded at any section of the web:

for such mild steel—8 tons per square inch;

for such high tensile steel—9 tons per square inch.

If relationships of web depths to thicknesses mentioned in subsection (35) are exceeded, the compressive stress in the web shall not exceed that determined by the formula—

For subsection (36), the value of K shall be selected from table 126.4 in conformity with, and appropriate to the ratio with the same meaning as mentioned in subsection (34).

Table 126.4

The stress at the bottom of the Whitworth thread of a bolt or tie rod or other threaded member of mild steel shall not exceed—

8 000 pounds per square inch for threads up to and including 1/2 an inch in diameter;

12 000 pounds per square inch for threads 5/8 of an inch in diameter;

16 000 pounds per square inch for threads 3/4 of an inch in diameter;

20 000 pounds per square inch for threads 7/8 of an inch in diameter;

24 000 pounds per square inch for threads 1 inch in diameter;

25 000 pounds per square inch for threads 11/8 inches in diameter;

26 000 pounds per square inch for threads 11/4 inches in diameter;

27 000 pounds per square inch for threads 13/8 inches in diameter;

28 000 pounds per square inch for threads 11/2 inches and over in diameter.

The stress in a compression member, or strut, of mild steel shall not exceed that shown in table 126.5, relevant and appropriate to the ratio of slenderness of the member.

If the member is of high tensile structural steel, the stress shall not exceed that shown in table 126.6 relevant and appropriate to the ratio of slenderness of the member.

The ratio shall be determined by dividing the greatest length of member that is not supported effectively against lateral deflection, by the least radius of gyration of any cross-section of the member within the central 1/2 of the length of the member.

If 1 end of the member is fixed and the other end free, the ratio of slenderness shall be determined by dividing twice the length of the member by the least radius of gyration of any cross-section within 1/2 of the length of the member of the fixed end.

Table 126.5 Maximum stresses permissible in mild steel* compression members or struts subject only to concentric axial loading

* Mild steel conforming to Australian Standard Specification No A1—1940, ‘Rolled Steel Sections for Structural Purposes’. Column ‘B’ is applicable to members of angle, tee or tube section, and to members of latticed, battened or other framed construction.

Permissible stresses for intermediate ratios of slenderness should be interpolated.

Table 126.6 Maximum stresses permissible in high tensile* steel compression members or struts subject only to concentric axial loading

* High tensile steel conforming to British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile Steel for Bridges, etc., and General Building Construction’, of British Standard Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile (Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc., for General Building Construction’. Column ‘B’ is applicable to members of angle, tee, or tube sections and to members of latticed, battened or other framed construction.

Permissible stresses for intermediate ratios of slenderness should be interpolated.

If the radius of gyration of the cross-section of a compression member or strut of metal or alloy is less near the ends of the member than in the vicinity of the half-length of the member, the radius of gyration of a cross-section at the half-length shall for the purpose of assessing the slenderness ratios, be reduced in the ratio—

.

In subsection (43):

K is the least radius of gyration of a section at the half-length of the member.

Kq is the least radius of gyration of the least section that is 1/4 of the length of the member from either end.

If a steel member is subject to simultaneous axial compression and transverse stress it shall be designed as a beam, or if free at 1 end, a cantilever, in which the maximum transverse stress is determined by the formula—

where, in relation to the section under consideration:

c is a constant, having the value 18 for mild steel, or 22 for high tensile structural steel.

f is the maximum axial compressive stress.

fp is the maximum permissible axial compressive stress as prescribed in this section for the same member if assumed subject solely to axial stress.

fx and fy are the maximum transverse stresses due to external flexural forces acting or resolved about the respective principal rectilinear axes.

The stress in a compression member or strut of timber shall not exceed that shown in table 126.7, relevant and appropriate to the ratio of slenderness of the member, and to the kind of timber and its sectional dimensions.

The ratio of slenderness shall be determined by dividing the greatest length of member that is not supported effectively against lateral deflection, by the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of any cross-section of the member within the central half of the length of the member.

If 1 end of the member is fixed and the other end free, the ratio of slenderness shall be determined by dividing twice the length of the member by the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of any cross‑section of the member within half the length of the member of the fixed end.

Table 126.7 Maximum stresses permissible in timber compression members or struts subject only to concentric axial loading

Permissible stresses for intermediate ratios of slenderness should be interpolated.

Refer to s 131 about quality of timber.

* Hardwood includes only Australian Hardwoods of approximately the same strength and reliability as Spotted Gum.

If a timber member is subject to simultaneous axial compression and transverse stress it shall be designed as a beam, or if free at 1 end, a cantilever, in which the maximum transverse stress is determined by the formula—

where, in relation to the section under consideration:

c is a constant, having the value 8000 for ironbark or other Australian hardwood timbers, or 3600 for Douglas fir (Oregon pine).

f is the maximum axial compressive stress.

fp is the maximum permissible axial compressive stress as prescribed in this section for the same member if assumed subject solely to axial stress.

fx and fy are the maximum transverse stresses due to external flexural forces acting or resolved about the respective principal rectilinear axes.

If the cross-section of a timber compression member or strut is less near the ends of the member than in the vicinity of the half-length of it, the diameter of the inscribed circle referred to in subsections (47) and (48) shall, for the purpose of assessing the slenderness ratio, be reduced in the ratio—

where:

D is the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of a section at the half‑length of the member.

Dq is the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of the least section that is 1/4 of the length of the member from either end.

The computed early deflection of a timber beam in the direction of either the major or minor rectilinear axis of any cross-section shall not exceed 1/380 part of the span of the beam.

The computed early deflection at the extremity of a timber cantilever shall not when measured in the direction of either the major or minor rectilinear axis of any cross-section, exceed 1/190 part of the length of the cantilever.

The computed early deflection of a timber beam used for scaffolding or shoring purposes, shall not exceed 1/150 part of the span of the beam, provided that the computed early deflection of platform planks of bricklayers’ or similar heavy scaffoldings shall not exceed 1/60 part of their span, and that the computed early deflection of platform planks of decorators’ or similar scaffoldings of the lightest type shall not exceed 51/2 inches.

For the purpose of computing the deflections the modulus of elasticity of the constituent timber shall be deemed to be—

for ironbark—1 300 tons per square inch; and

for other hardwoods—1 050 tons per square inch; and

for Douglas fir (Oregon pine)—715 tons per square inch.

In computing deflections it shall be necessary to increase the forces producing the deflections in the way provided by section 125.

Forces shall be considered to act simultaneously and the horizontal forces referred to in section 124 shall be included.

The thickness of a timber beam or cantilever shall not be less than 1/4 of the depth of the beam or cantilever.

If 1 bridge beam only of an overhead traveller crane is supported laterally by effective bracings, the other bridge beam may be considered to derive from it a measure of lateral support per medium of the crab frame and its track wheels, provided the wheels have double flanges and together with their supports and fastenings are considered by the chief inspector to be suitable for the purpose.

In such case the strength of the unbraced beam may be determined by placing the fully-loaded crab at whatever position is productive of the greatest critical stress.

The maximum stress then resulting at any section of the unbraced beam shall not exceed the maximum stress permissible for the same beam when the laterally unsupported length is deemed to be 3/4 of the actual span.

The lateral deflection due to all loads other than those applied by the crab wheels shall not exceed 1/2 an inch, when calculated on the assumption that the crane is brought evenly to rest from its maximum travelling speed in a distance of 5 feet.

Other deflections with the crab at any position shall not, however, exceed those elsewhere prescribed for beams by this regulation.

The ratio of slenderness of a tension member shall not exceed 300.

The ratio shall be determined as though the member were a compression member.

After being increased as prescribed by subsection (67), the torsional stress imposed or developed in any spring made from carbon spring steel shall not exceed the relevant and appropriate maximum stress shown in table 126.8.

It shall not be necessary to increase the computed forces on, or moments in, a spring in the way otherwise prescribed by section 125, unless alternation occurs, and in such case the provisions of section 122 shall apply.

Table 126.8 Maximum torsional stresses permissible in springs of carbon spring steel (in pounds per square inch)

To compensate for errors consequential to computation of only torsional stresses in helical or volute springs, the computed torsional stress in any helical or volute spring shall be increased in the ratio W, the Wahl factor, shown in table 126.9 as relevant and appropriate to the relationship:

R = .

In subsection (67):

D is the maximum pitch circle diameter of the spring, measured in inches.

d is the diameter in inches of the greatest circle that may be inscribed within the least section that is relevant of the material of which the spring is made.

Table 126.9 Compensating ratios, W, or Wahl factors, for stresses in helical or volute springs

Note See also s (69) and s (70) about limiting values of R.

Springs in which the ratio R referred to in subsection (67) is less than 6 shall not be used unless specifically approved by the chief inspector.

If practicable, R shall be made equal to nine.

The value of G, the modulus of torsional rigidity shall, for carbon spring steel, be deemed to be 5 100 tons per square inch.

General

127 .

If necessary or advisable for safe and continued operation, the members, components, parts, linkages and attachments of machinery mechanisms and gearings shall be machined.

Machining shall be such as to ensure accurate fitting, smooth and accurate working and freedom from shocks due to lost motion or to slackness or inaccuracy.

It shall also ensure truth, precision, correctness and regularity of form and of pitch and alignment.

‘Lost motion’ shall be eliminated except if it is an essential feature of design.

Bolts, studs, set bolts, set screws, grub screws, adjusting screws and plain or screwed pins, eyebolts, tie bars, screw clevises and the like shall be prevented by positive means from developing undue longitudinal slackness or becoming displaced when used—

in connecting or securing members between which relative motion occurs; or

in positions in which they are required to be longitudinally slack; or

in positions in which they are liable to become loosened by vibration; or

in positions in which they are subjected to rapid changes of load; or

in positions in which they are subjected to alternations of load; or

in positions in which they are subjected to actions tending to unscrew them.

Split pins shall not be less in diameter than 1/4 of the thickness of the metal they traverse.

If split pins or taper pins are used in floating pins, washers shall be provided between the split or taper pins and adjacent rubbing surfaces.

Except if slackness is an essential feature of design, keys shall be well fitted and tightly driven, and feathers shall be well and tightly fitted.

Splines shall fit closely.

Axles, sheave pins, or shafts, pins or spindles carrying revolving or oscillating parts shall, unless designed as lubricated revolving members, be effectively locked against rotation as well as against longitudinal displacement.

Internal threads and nuts shall be of effective axial length at least equal to 7/8 of the nominal diameter of their thread and shall engage with the male thread for their full length.

Balance, bias or operating weights of cranks, levers or linkages shall be secured in position by rivets, through bolts, welding or brazing.

All castings, pressings, stampings, flame cuttings, weldings and forgings shall be of true, correct, precise and regular form, pitch and alignment, well suited to their purpose and free from defects liable to impair their effectiveness or conducive of conditions of hazard, uncertainty or danger.

Lifting hooks that have opened out at the throat by 5% of their throat dimension shall not be used.

Lifting rings of which any internal diameter has increased or decreased by 5% shall not be used.

If members, components, parts, linkages or attachments are unduly loose or slack or unduly worn, deteriorated, or otherwise impaired or if they are so cracked, distorted, eroded, burned, fatigued, strain‑hardened or in any way defective or so damaged as to be productive or conducive to conditions of hazard, uncertainty or danger, they shall be immediately replaced, or all use of them shall be immediately discontinued and all necessary or desirable action immediately taken to ensure that they are no longer productive or conducive to such conditions.

Members, components, parts, linkages or attachments, particularly operating cords, controls and brakes shall be so arranged and constructed that at all times they fulfil their functions freely and without obstruction.

They shall be constantly maintained and kept free of obstruction.

Effective interlocking devices of approved designs shall be provided—

if machinery or mechanisms are so arranged that they may be driven either manually or by power—to ensure that the means by which the agencies are adapted cannot be simultaneously engaged; or

if alternative devices are provided for sustaining or controlling any load—to prevent their simultaneous disengagement and consequent loss of control of load; or

in power cranes or power hoists, if any device other than a brake or friction clutch is provided for sustaining any load—to prevent driving against the load-sustaining device; or

to prevent loads or lifting gear being lowered through hatchways on, or into the path of travel of, travelling cranes, and to prevent the cranes colliding with the loads; or

to ensure that trolleys, carriages, or crabs cannot overrun or become otherwise displaced from their tracks, at or near moveable sections of them, or at or near crossovers, switches, turntables, or transfer positions; or

to prevent the operation of any hoist or lift having a moving platform, cage, hopper, box, cradle, skip, kibble, bucket, vessel, tine, monkey or yoke while any enclosure door is not fully closed and locked; or

to prevent the unlocking or opening of any enclosure door of any hoist or lift referred to in paragraph (f), except a door relative to which the platform, cage, hopper, box, cradle, skip, kibble, bucket, vessel, tine, monkey or yoke has attained such a position that persons may safely enter the enclosure; or

as required by subsections (49) and (50) for speed-changing devices.

Unless the chief inspector so directs, subsection (19) (b) does not require the interlocking of a brake.

Subsection (19) (f) does not apply to temporary hoists used in building, demolition, excuvation or compressed air work.

Linkages, including those employing ropes, shall, unless it is an essential feature of design, be so devised and constructed that they cannot attain ‘deadcentre’ or other self-locking or self-neutralising positions.

If owing to external agency the load supported by a crane or hoist may be subjected to major impact effects, shock absorbers of approved design shall be fixed in approved positions to relieve the crane or hoist of the effects.

All of the members, components, parts, linkages and attachments of cranes and hoists and lifts and scaffoldings and plant shall be effectively and strongly secured in position.

All load chains and all hand chains shall be caused to book correctly on their gipsies, sheaves, quadrants or the like by means of chain guides.

To avoid jamming of the chain, guide rollers shall not be used in proximity to gipsies.

Chain guides used with gipsies shall, if practicable, be of the fixed type.

Hand ropes shall be caused to book correctly on their sheaves, quadrants or the like by means of effective rope guides.

The total force required at the hand chain or hand rope of a crane, hoist, scaffolding or plant to raise, lower, handle or control the working load or for purposes of manipulation shall not exceed 80 pounds.

However, subsection (29) shall not apply to motions effectively controlled by trailing bandbrakes, weston type brakes, or automatic brakes analogous to them.

The end carriages or bogies of the following cranes shall be so designed, constructed and maintained that breakage of a track wheel or its axle will not allow the carriage or bogey to become vertically displaced by more than 3/4 of an inch:

cranes of the overhead traveller type;

travelling derrick cranes;

travelling gallows type cranes or gantries;

overhead runways other than monorail runways;

travelling portal and semi-portal cranes;

travelling hammerhead cranes.

Worm or screw gearing shall not be employed in the machinery, mechanisms or gearings operating the following movements of scaffoldings, cranes, hoists or plant except when used in conjunction with the protective devices that are approved by the chief inspector:

the slewing movements of jib cranes;

the power-driven travelling movements, whether longitudinal or transverse, of cranes.

However, subsection (32) does not apply to the mechanism by which ordinary vehicular or mobile cranes are propelled.

Scaffoldings, cranes, hoists, plant or gear, including their crabs and trolleys, shall be so designed, constructed and maintained that the loads are distributed between all supporting track or road wheels in a statically determinate way.

The slewing motions of power cranes having jibs or cantilevered booms shall be controlled by manually operated brakes.

The travelling motion of the following cranes shall be controlled from and at their main driving stations by manually operated brakes:

locomotive type power cranes;

power cranes of the overhead traveller type;

power cranes of the monorail or double-rail runway type of which the driver rides with or beside the load or lifting mechanism;

vehicular power cranes;

power cranes of the caterpillar type.

Cranes, hoists, lifts, scaffolding, plant or gear shall not be lubricated, tended or cleaned while in motion or while any member, component, part or attachment of them is in motion or while any member, component, part or attachment is in any way connected or liable to be connected with any energised associate, or any weight, load or force capable of causing it to move.

In addition to shutting off the power, effective and dependable mechanical means shall be taken to render the members, components, parts or attachments immovable and to thereby ensure the safety of persons inspecting, examining, testing, lubricating, tending, cleaning or adjusting the cranes, hoists, lifts, scaffolding, plant, or gear.

The application of brakes other than those of the screw-down type shall not be deemed to be a dependable mechanical means for subsection (38).

If it is not practicable to thus render the members, components, parts or attachments immobile and immovable in order that inspection, examination, test or adjustment may be safely carried out, a duly qualified driver shall remain at and in sole charge of the controls during the whole of the time of the inspection, examination, test or adjustment and shall move the members, components, parts or attachments only at and in accordance with each plain and specific direction of the person making the inspection, examination, test or adjustment, but lubricating, tending, and cleaning shall not be carried out in this way.

This section shall not prevent cranes, engines or gear from being lubricated, tended or cleaned by means equally safe to that of rendering the members, components, parts and attachments immobile and immovable as mentioned in subsection (40).

Static counterbalance weights of cranes, hoists or scaffolding shall be effectively and strongly secured in position.

They shall be so devised and fixed that even if raised from their seatings in an emergency they will not become either partly or completely unshipped.

All suspended weights shall have such additional constraint, or fencing, that in the event of failure of their prime suspension they will not fall to the danger of persons in the vicinity.

Tapered washers or tapered packers shall be used under the heads and nuts or bolts, pins and tie rods that protect from surfaces not normal to their longitudinal axes to ensure an even distribution of loading on the heads and nuts.

Pawls shall not be used as load sustaining devices except—

if so plainly visible to a person standing or sitting at the controls that the person can readily observe the depth to which each pawl has entered the teeth with which it engages; or

if an approved indicator is provided to enable a person at the controls to ascertain the depth of engagement of the pawl as mentioned in paragraph (a).

However, pawls with approved accelerating springs or approved linkages may be used in Weston type brakes.

Pawls in enclosing casings or boxings shall be of the non‑sychronous multiple type.

If any power-driven mechanism has a speed-changing or adjusting device by means of which load sustaining parts may be disconnected from the motive agency, a brake or other approved means shall be provided to control the disconnected parts.

The brake or alternative means shall, if the chief inspector so requires, be interlocked with the speed changing or adjusting device to prevent their simultaneous disengagement.

Brakes of mechanisms that can be reversed either under power or manually shall be fully effective in all directions.

Automatic brakes other than those of the shoe type or of the Weston (screw or helix) type shall not be used on the mechanisms.

All dynamically reversible mechanisms that can be energised by the action of gravity, momentum or wind shall have brakes or other approved devices by which all movements can be both controlled and prevented.

Electrically opened brakes shall be deemed not to fulfil the requirements of subsection (53).

A brake restraining a metal track wheel that runs on a metal track rail shall not for purposes of design be considered to develop a braking force between wheel and rail in excess of 1/10 of the pressure between the wheel and rail.

Non-automatic brakes shall have approved means by which they may be locked in the fully engaged position.

However, the locking devices may be omitted for brakes controlling the hoisting motions of overhead traveller cranes that lift or lower loads through heights not exceeding 30 feet.

In addition to any electrically-opened brakes, approved semiautomatic brakes shall be provided on power-driven mechanisms handling workers and materials to control the lowering motions.

The brakes shall function automatically on the manual release of a restraining device.

All brakes shall be lined with approved brake lining materials and the linings shall be so strongly and effectively fastened in place that they will not become loose or displaced even when so worn that replacement has become advisable.

Brake bands that are less in width than 1/5 of the diameter of their drums shall have restraining clips or double-flanged drums or other approved devices that ensure against their lateral displacement.

All ends of brake bands shall be concentric and hinged to ensure that the ends of the bands will not be subject to bending actions.

The use of rigid or partly-rigid intermediate joints in brake bands shall as far as practicable be avoided but if unavoidable the joints shall be of types that will not subject the bands to bending actions.

All manual and semiautomatic brakes shall be so devised, constructed and located that in an emergency they can be instantly applied.

If manual rotation of a screw thread or nut is necessary, brakes shall be so devised, constructed and located that alternative means of instantaneous application are available.

Effective means shall be provided for limiting the total movement of brake bands or shoes to the least practicable amount.

The total movement of a brake band in opening and closing shall be limited to an amount that will ensure against its excessive flexure or displacement or mounting.

Brakes shall open and close evenly to ensure correct action and regular wear of linings, their action shall be entirely smooth and free from chatter and they shall not stick or bind.

The total angular movement or ‘throw’ of the hand lever of any brake or clutch or the like shall not exceed 50°, and that of any pedal shall not exceed 30°.

Brakes shall be capable of exerting braking torques 50% greater than those transmitted to them, assuming conditions of static loading and an absence of friction except at the braking surfaces.

The braking torques shall be exerted by the brakes, if manually actuated, on application of a force not greater than 35 pounds to the hand lever, or, alternatively, 70 pounds to the foot pedal.

Every Weston (screw or helix) type brake shall be so designed that the holding torque developed by it at all times exceeds by at least 1% the load torque applied.

Unless specifically designed for operation with lubricated linings, brakes shall, if necessary or desirable, be effectively protected against entry of water or other lubricants.

Subject to subsection (95), the hoisting motions of cranes or hoists of the following types shall be controlled by automatic (trailing) bank brakes, or by approved Weston (screw or helix) type brakes:

mobile, caterpillar, and locomotive type cranes;

hand-operated winches;

hand-operated derrick cranes;

hand-operated overhead traveller cranes.

The following motions of cranes or hoists of the following types shall be controlled by Weston (screw or helix) type brakes:

the hoisting motions of hand-operated stacking machines, gibbets, gallows, and chain blocks;

the boom-elevating motion of mobile or portable conveyors;

the luffing and hoisting motions of power-driven travelling derrick cranes;

the hoisting motions of cranes and hoists (other than power‑driven hoisting blocks), that raise and lower loads through distances not greater than 10 feet.

Convenient and readily accessible means shall, unless the design renders them unnecessary, be provided by which brakes may be readjusted from time to time to compensate for wear and to ensure correct functioning.

Any brake that is closed by springs shall have at least 2 such springs.

They shall be so devised and arranged that in the event of failure of either, the brake will continue to function and to develop at least 1/2 of the holding torque prescribed by subsections (70) and (71).

Shoe brakes shall be so devised and constructed that the loads on opposing shoes automatically equalise and balance one another.

Brake show linkages shall be of the floating type so that appreciable eccentricity of diametral oscillation of brake drums will not cause variation in shoe loads.

The temperature of the rubbing surface of any brake shall not exceed—

212° Fahrenheit for brakes lined with wood or fabric; or

400° Fahrenheit for brakes lined with bonded asbestos or approved non-combustible sintered materials.

Ropes wrapping round shafts or drums shall not be provided or used as brakes.

All foot pedals, and all foot rests or steps that accommodate only 1 foot of the user shall have heavily upturned edges or other approved devices to prevent slipping.

All levers, pedals and control linkages shall be so devised that persons using them cannot be injured by their recoil, backlash, or other movement under power.

If it is practicable to use trailing type (unidirectional) handbrakes or other approved brakes, pawls shall not be used in mechanisms holding, supporting or sustaining loads.

Mechanisms for hoisting or holding Proscenium Safety Fire Curtains shall not have pawls.

Centrifugal brakes or other approved automatic speed regulating devices shall be provided to control the speed of descent of Proscenium Safety Fire Curtains and of other loads that are required to descend unattended.

Toothed or dog clutches shall not have less than 4 teeth or 4 dogs.

The teeth or dogs and their mating recesses shall be undercut sufficiently to prevent inadvertent disengagement of clutches.

Cone and other friction clutches shall be so designed that they will not seize or become locked in engagement.

The chief inspector may require any cone clutch to be lined with an approved clutch lining material.

All manually operated clutches shall be actuated by means of levers, pedals, or other approved controls.

All clutches shall be so designed and constructed that they can not drift or become otherwise inadvertently engaged or disengaged.

Worm gearings having machined teeth and other worm gearings in which the angle of lead of the worm exceeds 3° shall be deemed incapable of stopping or holding loads, and mechanisms employing the gearings shall have brakes as prescribed by subsection (53).

If worm gearing or a solenoid brake is employed in connection with any jib or derrick crane for raising or lowering loads, and if the crane depends on gravitational forces for stability, an approved clutch shall be provided in such position that in an emergency the load may, if desired, be released, or alternatively lowered rapidly under the control of an approved brake that shall also be provided for the purpose.

All hoists and lifts used for raising or lowering workers shall have approved safety gear that shall be so devised and constructed that if the vehicle in which the workers ride becomes separated or detached from its hoisting agency, it will immediately and automatically on seperation or detachment become securely locked to its guides, runners, or supporting structure and remain so locked even if it is reconnected to its hoisting agency and its weight again transferred to it.

However—

if the safety gear is entirely self-resetting, it may automatically release its grip on the guides, runners or supporting structure after the weight of the vehicle has again been transferred to the hoisting agency; or

the safety gear shall not function while the vehicle is ascending; or

if the distance travelled by the vehicle exceeds 30 feet—the chief inspector may require the safety gear to function if and as the vehicle attains a speed 40% greater than its rated speed; or

if the rated speed is less than 100 feet per minute—the safety gear shall function if and as it reaches 140 feet per minute.

The platforms of all hoists for raising or lowering workers shall have sides extending not less in height than 6 feet above the platform flooring, and the sides shall constitute continuous surfaces free from apertures.

Any side or end not used for loading or unloading or for access shall also be fenced.

Any side or end that is used for loading, unloading or access shall be enclosed or fenced by approved gates or doors extending to the same height, or if approved, by rails set at a height of 3 feet above the platform flooring, and at a distance of 8 inches back from the platform edge served.

The hoist platform shall have a robust roof or head cover to prevent persons being struck by falling objects.

Hand rails or other grips shall be provided overhead, or on the continuous surfaces mentioned in subsection (98) for the use of persons travelling in the hoist.

If loads are raised or lowered in open topped, open sided or open ended vessels, kibbles, boxes or trays, or in bags, above workers in shafts, well holes, or other confined spaces, monkeys or other approved means shall be employed to prevent them colliding with the sides of the shaft or well hole, or anything in it.

However, the monkeys or means shall not be deemed necessary if the hoisting rope or chain may be freely displaced in any direction through an angle of 5° from the vertical without the suspended load, vessel, kibble, box, or tray coming into contact with the sides of the shaft or well hole or anything in it.

If loads guided by a monkey are raised or lowered above workers in confined or partly confined areas, the monkeys shall have approved safety gear so devised and constructed that if the weight of the monkey is removed from the hoisting agency at any position within the limits of its travel it will immediately and automatically on removal become securely locked to its guides.

The kibble, truck or vessel the monkey is employed to guide shall be so fastened to the monkey that it will only be automatically released after the monkey has attained its lowermost limit of travel.

If loads are raised, lowered, handled or transported on hooks, or other media, under circumstances in which it is necessary or desirable to prevent them becoming unshipped or displaced from it, approved safety hooks, or other approved means shall be adopted to prevent the unshipping or displacement, or to prevent injury (or both) to any person in the vicinity.

This subsection applies to the following lifting devices:

grabs, dogs, clamps and magnets;

all lifting devices that either—

function by the agency of friction, fluid pressure, vacuumatic action, magnetism, local indentation of surfaces, or minor irregularities of surfaces, or any combination of them; or

are of such a nature that they are liable to become detached from the load or otherwise displaced from it in the event of the slackening of their slings or the sudden movement of any supporting member.

No lifting device to which subsection (108) applies shall be used to raise, lower or transport loads—

in any circumstances in which any person might be injured should the load or part of it become detached or fall; or

in any circumstances in which the device might dislodge or overturn any material, object or stock to the danger of any person; or

in any way prejudicial to the safety of any person.

If in conformity with section 128 rail clamps are provided for locking any crane or hoist to its track rails, the clamps shall be so devised and constructed that they function immediately and automatically on the operation of an instantaneous type tripping device set closely adjacent to the main controls of the crane or hoist.

The energy required to close and lock the clamps shall be derived from a descending weight or from springs set in pairs and so arranged that in the event of failure of either, the clamps will continue to function and to develop at least 1/2 of their previous clamping grip on the track rail.

If a crane or hoist has 2 or more rail clamps, they shall function simultaneously, and the clamping grip of each on its rail shall be directly proportional to the amount of wind or other loading the clamp is required to resist.

If the weight of any crane or hoist exceeds 100 tons, the rail clamps shall have an approved safety device that will effectively prevent them from being opened or relaxed while the velocity of the wind exceeds 30 miles per hour in the vicinity of the crane or hoist, and in any direction in which it may travel.

The rail clamps shall be located in positions in which their sudden application is least detrimental to the stability of the crane or hoist.

Permanent end stops shall be provided to ensure that travelling cranes or hoists or scaffoldings or any travelling parts of them do not overrun or otherwise exceed their limits of safe travel.

If the speed of travel of the crane or hoist or relevant part of it exceeds 350 feet per minute, or if the product of its weight in tons and its speed of travel in feet per minute is greater than 3 500, the end stops shall have approved spring or fluid buffers.

If the weight of the crane or hoist or relevant part of it exceeds 50 tons, the end stops shall be so devised that should collision occur with them at the maximum speed that may be attained in any circumstances, the crane, or hoist or relevant part of it will not overturn, and will be brought steadily to rest.

If a crane, hoist or scaffolding or any travelling part of it travels on 2 or more tracks or rails, end stops shall be provided at and in relation to each track or rail.

No travelling crane or hoist or travelling part of it shall be operated or driven or travelling scaffolding used unless all the end stops are in place, or unless approved effective temporary end stops are in place instead of them.

Except if running in the bosoms of rolled steel joists, channels, tubes, tees, or angles, all track wheels of cranes or hoists or travelling parts of them shall have flanges at each side of each rail or track on which they run.

Alternatively, approved means shall be employed for locating and retaining the wheels on their rails or tracks.

However, a wheel running on twin rails or tracks may have 1 or more central flanges, and the wheels of locomotive cranes or railway type trucks or bogies need not have double flanges.

If a crane or hoist or scaffolding travels on uneven or slightly uneven tracks or surfaces on track or road wheels that are not fully sprung or alternatively shod in an approved way with pneumatic tyres, it shall be designed as though any 1 wheel, or group of wheels if they are arranged in groups, does not carry load.

The counterbalance and dead loading of a crane or hoist shall be so arranged and disposed that distortion of the frame structure is minimised.

Jacks used for supporting, levelling, or stabilising cranes or hoists or scaffolding or plant shall have dynamically irreversible screw threads or other approved devices by which can be applied and finely adjusted.

The jacks shall be so braced or otherwise secured in position that they cannot overturn or become in any way displaced.

If the load plate or instruction plate of any crane or hoist or plant prescribes or indicates that jacks shall be used, the jacks shall accordingly be used.

If the plates prescribe or indicate further conditions about the way of use of the jacks, the conditions shall be fully complied with.

The jibhead sheaves and the jibheads of mobile, caterpillar or walking cranes shall be so designed that if the vertical fall of hoisting rope is diverted or displaced laterally 15° or more from the vertical it will be automatically unshipped from the jibhead sheave immediately hoisting starts.

If the hoisting motion of a crane or hoist of the following type has a brake (other than an approved Weston screw or helix type automatic brake) the hand crank handles shall have a neutral position into which they shall be placed and kept completely disconnected from the hoisting mechanism while any load is being lowered under the control of the brake:

hand-operated winches; or

crabs having hand cranks; or

hand-operated derrick cranes.

Subject to section 135 (3) and (4), the specified motions of the undermentioned cranes, hoists and scaffolding, shall, if under power, have approved limiting devices by which overwinding, overluffing, overslewing and overtravelling shall be obviated.

The devices shall effectively prevent the crane, hoist or scaffolding or relevant part of it, or the load, from colliding with or being drawn or forced into contact with any relatively fixed part or object.

If the platform, cage, box, yoke, lifting hook or analogous media of the cranes or hoists mentioned in subsection (134) (a), (c) and (d) cannot be lowered to the level of the lowest floor or surface served by them without unwinding the hoisting rope, chain, rack, thread or other agency to an unsafe or undesirable degree, limiting devices mentioned in subsections (131) and (132) shall also be provided to obviate the unwinding.

However, if the chief inspector is satisfied that such collision or contact or unwinding will not damage the crane, hoist or scaffolding, or part of it, or be in any way dangerous, the chief inspector may waive the following requirements of subsections (131) to (133):

the hoisting motions of overhead traveller cranes;

the hoisting and luffing motions of all mobile or caterpillar jib or derrick cranes;

the hoisting motions of hoists other than those used in building work, excavation work, or demolition work, for handling materials;

the hoisting motions of stacking machines;

the hoisting motions of fork-lift trucks including those equipped with trays, scoops, arms or jibs, or other media by which loads are handled;

the slewing motions of mobile cranes—

if continuous unidirectional slewing is not provided; or

if the crane has not been designed for use with the jib or derrick in all positions.

Limit devices shall be self-resetting and shall be so devised that on their functioning, the mechanism, or motion they control will be brought to rest and remain safely at rest.

Power hoists for raising or lowering workers or for raising or lowering loads above workers in confined or partly confined areas shall have approved limiting devices as mentioned in subsection (131) to obviate both overwinding and overlowering, and all dangers attendant on them.

If any member of a crane or hoist or scaffolding is moved under power by a screw thread or rack, an approved limiting device shall be provided to prevent the thread or rack from being completely unwound from its nut or pinion.

If any crane, hoist, lift or scaffolding or part of it travels in any direction under power, and if the tractive or propulsive force is applied by any means other than the fractional adhesion of track wheels to track rails, a clearance of approved magnitude and extent shall be provided and maintained at and beyond each limit of travel as a safeguard against overrunning and consequent overloading, and to ensure the effective operation of the limiting devices prescribed by subsections (131) to (137).

Instead of the overrunning clearances, effective alternative devices may, if specifically approved by the chief inspector, be employed for the purposes aforesaid.

Except as prescribed by subsection (129), approved means, other than fixed guards, shall be provided to prevent ropes or chains from slackening on, or becoming displaced from or on their drums, sheaves, or other winding media.

If a crane, hoist, lift, scaffolding, or plant is driven by power and is of the following type, such means shall be so devised, and constructed that slackening of the rope or chain will automatically, and immediately, cause the drum, sheave or other winding medium to stop with the brake fully applied:

automatic or semiautomatic hoists having moving platforms, cages, boxes, hoppers, cradles, skips, kibbles, buckets, vessels, tines, monkeys, or yokes;

lifts;

stacking machines.

However, if the chief inspector is satisfied that the crane, hoist, lift or scaffolding, or plant is so devised, constructed and enclosed that absence of the safeguards required by subsection (141) would not result in danger to any person, the chief inspector may waive the requirements.

Hoists used in building work, excavation work, and compressed air work for raising or lowering workers, shall have detaching safety bells, or other approved devices by which in the event of the lifting cage, car, or vessel overrunning and closely approaching collision with the overhead structure the hoisting rope or chain will be automatically and instantly disconnected from the cage, car or vessel, and by which the cage, car, or vessel will remain safely suspended independently of the safety gear prescribed by subsections (96) and (97).

Hoisting ropes or chains disconnected as prescribed by subsection (143) shall be so guided and arranged that they can be wound freely back by and to their tractive mechanisms without danger and without fouling headbeams, sheaves, projections, or neighbouring buildings, structures, or plant.

No uncommon device, extra, or innovation capable of affecting ordinary, normal, or customary functioning shall be added to or incorporated in any member, component, part or attachment of any machinery, mechanisms, or gearing unless approval of the chief inspector has first been obtained in regard to it.

The slewing motions of caterpillar cranes and hoists shall be locked while the travelling motion is in use.

Interconnecting mechanisms of cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffolding or plant, shall be so devised and constructed that no motion can become inadvertently engaged or disengaged during operation of any other motion.

Members, components, parts or attachments of the frame structure of cranes, lifts, hoists or scaffoldings shall not be connected or interconnected by clamps or clamping devices, except if the specific approval of the chief inspector has first been obtained.

The chief inspector’s approval of any clamp or clamping device shall not be deemed to include approval of its general use, but only its use for the purposes and applications that are particularised in the approval.

If the luffing mechanism of a derrick or jib crane is driven by interconnection with the hoisting mechanism, the crane and mechanism shall be so designed that the working load is luffed in a line that is as nearly horizontal as is practicable.

In addition the crane and its mechanisms shall be so designed that there will not be any danger of the clutch being driven out of engagement while luffing.

Fork-lift trucks, or stacking machines, or appliances analogous to them, shall not be equipped or used with jibs capable of lifting or handling loads at greater horizontal radii from the masts of the trucks or machines than those measured horizontally from the masts to the midlength points of the tines, platforms, trays, or scoops with which the trucks or machines would ordinarily be equipped in conformity with this regulation, unless alternatively, the approval of the chief inspector has first been obtained.

Approved effective permanent facilities shall be provided by which persons may safely lubricate, tend, and inspect the machinery and other working parts or cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffoldings and plant.

The facilities shall include approved permanent safe means of access.

Approved permanent safe means of access shall be provided to the cabins, driving stations, and machinery houses of all cranes, hoists, scaffoldings and plant.

In order that persons may not be obliged to traverse dangerous zones unnecessarily, access facilities of cranes, hoists, scaffoldings or plant travelling on elevated tracks shall if practicable give access directly to driving cabins, or driving stations.

A clear unobstructed headroom clearance of not less than 6 feet shall be provided and maintained above the upper surfaces of main access platforms of every crane, hoist, scaffolding or plant that travels under power.

If secondary platforms function as walkways between other platforms the same headroom clearance shall be provided and maintained above them as above main platforms, or alternatively, the secondary platforms shall be roofed in an approved way.

Grabs, travelling carriages, or telphers, shall not project over, or otherwise overhang, any access platform, ladder or walkway.

Access facilities to cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffoldings, building works, excavation works, compressed air works and plant shall be free and shall be kept free of obstruction or partial obstruction, except if partial obstruction is specifically approved by the chief inspector.

Access facilities shall be so devised, constructed, placed, and fenced that persons using them are safe from injury by machinery, cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffoldings, plant or loads being handled, or by building or excavation work or compressed air work, or by electricity, explosives, hot or dangerous liquids or substances, gases, vapours or fumes, or by falls or by being crushed.

The owner or person in charge of any crane that travels under power shall prevent all persons entering on the elevated runway structure of the crane, and no person shall enter on the elevated structure unless, and until, approved effective measures have been taken to ensure the person’s safety.

If an accident has occurred in connection with any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, or plant, or in connection with building or excavation work, or compressed air work, or any roof, an inspector may take possession of any part, piece, or item that the inspector considers has been concerned, for close or radiographic examination, analysis or test.

Alternatively, the inspector may take possession of and preserve the part, piece, or item as an exhibit for production at any coronial inquiry.

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 4 the peripheral contours of the track wheels of cranes, hoists, scaffolding or plant travelling on railroad type tracks shall conform with diagram 127.

Diagram 127

The owner or person in charge of any crane or hoist, other than a hoist conforming with subsections (96) and (97), shall prevent all persons riding on the load, or on the lifting hook, or platform, or tines or box, or vessel, or other lifting medium, and no person shall so ride, except that the following persons may do so subject to the following limitations (if any):

a dogger whose name is exhibited in an approved notice at the main driving station of the crane concerned;

persons authorised in writing by the chief inspector, for the purposes as may be prescribed in the authority.

No crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding shall be constructed in whole or in part of, or include or incorporate, any second-hand material or part.

However, subsection (167) does not preclude the dismantling and re‑erection of the crane, lift, hoist, or scaffolding in accordance with the Act and this regulation.

Also,second-hand materials may be used—

if not subject to stress; or

if the material is amorphous; or

if specifically approved by the chief inspector.

All enclosed gearings used in connection with cranes, lifts, hoists, and scaffoldings, shall have readily accessible inspection apertures with covers that may be readily removed without dismantling or placing the gearing out of commission.

The apertures shall be as large as is practicable and shall be so placed that the gearings may be effectively and conveniently inspected.

Unless otherwise approved all joints within members of the frame or supporting structures of cranes, lifts, hoists, plant, or scaffolding shall be plated with splice plates on all surfaces, but this shall not be necessary if the joint is welded in an approved way.

If more specific provision is not made in this regulation, and unless the chief inspector otherwise directs, all cranes, hoists, plant and scaffolding and the members, components, parts and attachments of them and to them shall conform with the following Rules of Standards Australia, Crane and Hoist Code No C.B.2, 1938, and the rules shall be interpreted and applied in accordance with the code:

* It shall not be necessary to conform with rule 430, par 2.

Earth, clay, shale, sand, grit, powders, chippings, borings, spalls, punchings, clippings, swarf, offcuts or other aggregates or liquids shall not be used as counter or other balance, bias or operating weights unless encased in accordance with a design first submitted to and approved by the chief inspector.

Every portable counter, bias, balance or operating weight shall have permanently, clearly and distinctly stamped, engraved or embossed on them, its correct weight in pounds.

If a weight consists of detachable or demountable sections, each section shall be so marked with its own individual weight, only.

The figures and letters used in marking weights shall not be less than 1/2 an inch in depth.

No figures other than those stating the weight as mentioned in subsections (175) to (177) shall be marked on any portable weight.

Live counter, bias, balance or operating weights that are not of metal shall be encased, framed, or otherwise protected or fenced in a way approved by the chief inspector.

The chief inspector may, if the chief inspector considers appropriate, disallow the use of any such material or the chief inspector may require the use of an appropriate metal instead of it.

If a portable counter, bias, balance or operating weight has a permanent handle, the handle shall be of round section mild steel of not less than 5/8 of an inch in diameter and shall be so devised as to eliminate all corners, vees, or other features that might damage lashings or other ropes used in connection with it.

Drawings of all portable counter, bias, balance or operating weights that are of concrete, stone or encased materials shall be submitted to the chief inspector for approval before manufacture and the weights shall not be used unless manufactured in accordance with an approved design.

The thickness of a brake band shall not exceed 1/125 part of the diameter of the drum on which it wraps.

However, no brake band shall exceed 1/2 an inch in thickness.

No transverse fillet weld shall be made on any brake band.

Single rivets or single bolts shall not be used to connect end fittings to brake bands, or to make joints in brake bands.

If there is more than 1 row of rivet or other holes in a brake band, the least distance measured obliquely between any hole and the nearest hole that is in another transverse row shall not be less than 2/3 of the minimum distance between adjacent holes in any transverse row.

If brake shoes or brake linings are of timber, only selected timbers of approved types shall be used.

They shall be fastened in place in an approved way.

The depth of flanges of break drums, measured radially above braking surfaces, shall not be less than twice the combined thickness of brake band and brake lining.

If the lining consists of wooden blocks, it may for the purpose of fixing flange depths, be deemed to be 1/4 of an inch in thickness.

U-clips attached to brake bands to prevent their lateral displacement from break drums, shall overlap the edges of the drums by a distance at least equal to 3 times the combined thickness of brake band and lining.

If the lining consists of wooden blocks, it may, for the purpose of fixing the overlap, be deemed to be 1/4 of an inch in thickness.

Aluminium rivets or pegs shall not be used to secure brake linings.

Brake linings of metal, except approved sintered metal, shall not be used.

The linings of brake bands shall extend at least to the edges of the bands to which they attach.

The edges of brake bands, and brake linings, shall be cleanly finished and smooth.

Leather or combustible fabric brake bands may be used only if specifically approved.

Closing weights used in solenoid brakes shall not move through a total distance greater than 3 inches unless effectively cushioned to eliminate hammering and impact effects.

Stops shall be provided to ensure that the shoes of shoe type brakes do not trail on the drums when the brakes are open.

The angular movement of a pawl about its hinge pin while idling over its mating teeth shall not exceed 12°.

If practicable, pawls shall have springs to accelerate their speed of engagement.

The springs shall be of approved design.

Pawls shall not have devices for locking them in engaged or disengaged positions.

However, subsection (204) does not prevent the use of approved interlocking devices.

If a pawl has attached to it an operating grip, handle, or trigger, the attachment shall be so devised, and located that it may be safely used.

Apparatus including the grips, handles and triggers as mentioned in subsection (206) for disengaging and holding pawls in the disengaged position shall be devised and arranged to be actuated by a person located at the driving or operating position of the mechanism or machinery concerned.

The pawl disengaging and holding apparatus shall not be actuated by foot, but shall comprise a simple hand mechanism.

It shall be so devised and arranged that it will, when suitably actuated, return the pawl to the engaged position by reliable and effective means.

It shall be so devised and located that it shall not be necessary for a person to stoop or relax his or her grip on any crank handle while actuating the pawl mechanism.

Pawls shall be so designed that their active extremities alone, make contact with the mating teeth.

Pawls or the teeth with which they engage (or both) shall be so designed that the pawls tend to lock in engagement and so that the load holds the pawl in engagement.

The angle contained between the 2 lines joining the tip of a pawl to the respective centres of rotation of the pawl and its mating teeth shall not be less than 105° and not more than 120°.

If the pawl is used in tension, the angle contained between the 2 lines joining the tip of the engaged tooth of the rachet and the centres mentioned in subsection (213) shall not be less than 60° or more than 75°.

Gravity operated pawls shall be so balanced that if released while disengaged, they will immediately and automatically re-engage with their mating teeth.

Safety non-splintering glass or non-splintering non-inflammable plastic shall be used in all transparent wind or weather screens of driving stations, if liable to be struck by loads or by slings, hooks or other lifting media.

Petrol and other inflammable liquids shall be stored in robust metal tanks having screwed filling plugs and screw-down outlet valves.

The tanks shall be so located that they are not subject to undue heating, and all desirable provision shall be made to ensure that fumes do not become ignited and do not accumulate.

Tanks shall be well clear of all electrified wirings, switchgear, control gear and apparatus.

If practicable inflammable liquid tanks shall be located on the outer sides of driving stations.

They shall not be closely adjacent to access facilities.

If cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffolding or plant having internal‑combustion engines are required to operate indoors or in confined or poorly ventilated places, effective means shall be taken to remove all exhaust gases and to ensure all desirable ventilation.

Exhaust steam, hot water, and the exhaust gases from internal‑combustion engines, shall be effectively conveyed and directed away from driving stations and from crane and hoist crews.

If any jib or derrick crane or hoist is not designed to lift its maximum safe working load at all attainable postions of the jib or derrick without breach of the provisions of this regulation, it shall have an approved load-radius indicator, and the indicator shall be constantly maintained in good working order and condition.

The load-radius indicator previously mentioned shall function automatically, and be so devised and constructed that for each position in which the jib or derrick may be placed, it exhibits and indicates clearly and conspicuously to the crane driver at the main driving station of the crane the safe working load corresponding to the position, determined in accordance with this regulation.

The load markings on a load-radius indicator shall be of a permanent nature, and it shall be an offence to obliterate or to incorrectly mark or incorrectly graduate, the indicator, or to so alter the indicator that it reads or indicates incorrectly.

Stability

128 .

Every crane and hoist shall have and at all times retain at least the ratios of stability against overturning shown in table 128 as appropriate to its type, and to the loadings acting on it.

If more than 1 such ratio is shown, the stability shall be separately assessed with regard to each set of contributing circumstances.

Table 128