Lease covenants requiring the lessee to repair damage 'caused or contributed to' by the lessee, or to comply with fire and safety regulations, operate prospectively from the commencement date and do not impose liability for deterioration occurring before the lease commenced, absent express language to the contrary. The phrase 'land tax assessed on a single holding basis only' in a lease outgoings clause addresses aggregation of multiple properties owned by the lessor, not the lessor's special trust status; accordingly, a lessee must reimburse the actual land tax paid even where the lessor's trust structure deprives it of the tax-free threshold. The Haskell v Marlow principle (that a tenant cannot rely on the wear and tear exception where failure to maintain causes further damage) requires evidence that the tenant's failure during the lease term materially contributed to the need for works.
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